Ammonia in Aquatic Systems
map of global shipping routes illustrating interconnectedness of continents. Transport is the first stage of biological invasion of nonnative species. Part of figure 3 in The Stages of Invasion: How Does a Nonnative Species Transition to an Invader?
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How to Cite

Francis-Floyd, Ruth, Craig Watson, Denise Petty, and Deborah Pouder. 2022. “Ammonia in Aquatic Systems: FA-16/FA031, 06/2022”. EDIS 2022 (4). Gainesville, FL. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa031-2022.

Abstract

Management of ammonia, the primary waste product of fish, is critical to fish health, especially in intensive systems. At low concentrations, ammonia causes stress and damages gills and other tissues. Fish exposed to low levels of ammonia over time are more susceptible to bacterial infections, have poor growth, and do not tolerate routine handling well. At higher concentrations, it will kill fish. Many unexplained production losses have likely been caused by ammonia.

https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa031-2022
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