Keywords
Family: Thripidae
Flower Thrips
IN1089
Flower Thrips
IN1089
How to Cite
Cluever, Jeffery D., Hugh A. Smith, Joseph E. Funderburk, and Galan Frantz. 2015. “Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella Occidentalis [Pergande]): ENY-883/IN1089, 4/2015”. EDIS 2015 (3). Gainesville, FL:8. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1089-2015.
Abstract
One of many species of thrips found in Florida, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a pest of several crops throughout Florida and the world, causing injury by feeding and by transmission of plant viruses. This 8-page fact sheet was written by Jeffrey D. Cluever, Hugh A. Smith, Joseph E. Funderburk, and Galen Frantz, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, April 2015. (Photo: Lyle Buss)
ENY-883/IN1089: Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis [Pergande]) (ufl.edu)
References
Arthurs S, McKenzie CL, Chen J, Dogramaci, Brennan M, Houben K, Osborne L. 2009. Evaluation of Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as biological control agents of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper. Biological Control 49: 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.01.002
Brodsgaard HF. 1994. Insecticide resistance in European and African strains of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) tested in a new residue-on-glass test. Journal of Economic Entomology 87: 1141-1146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.5.1141
CABI. (2014). Invasive species compendium: Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips). Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24426. 20 December 2014.
Chambers RJ, Long S, Helyer NL. 2008. Effectiveness of Orius laevigatus (Hem.: Anthocoridae) for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and pepper in the UK. Biocontrol Science and Technology 3: 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159309355284
Chau A, Heinz KM. 2006. Manipulating fertilization: a management tactic against Frankliniella occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 120: 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00441.x
Childers CC, Beshear RJ. 1992. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with developing citrus flowers in Florida and a key to adult terebrantian females. Journal of Entomological Science 27: 392-412. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.4.392
Demirozer O, Tyler-Julian K, Funderburk J, Reitz S, Leppla N. 2012. Integrated pest management program for thrips and Tospoviruses in fruiting vegetables. Pest Management Science 68 (12): 1537-15458. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3389
Dogramaci M, Arthurs SP, Chen J, McKenzie C, Irrizary F, Osborne L. 2011. Management of chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on peppers by Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Biological Control 59: 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.008
Frantz G, Fasulo TR. 2013. Thrips KnowledgeBase. Glades crop care. http://www.gladescropcare.com/thrips/pg1.html. 20 December 2014.
Frantz G, Mellinger HC. 1990. Flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from vegetables, ornamentals and associated weeds in south Florida. Proceedings of Florida State Horticultural Society 103: 134-137.
Frantz G, Mellinger HC. 2009. Shifts in western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), population abundance and crop damage. Florida Entomologist 92: 29-34 https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0106
Funderburk J. 2009. Management of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in fruiting vegetables. Florida Entomologist 92: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0101
Funderburk J, Reitz SR, Stansly PA, Freeman JH, McAvoy E, Whidden AJ, Nuessly GS, Leppla NC. 2014a. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Electronic Data Information Source. ENY 658. http://edis.edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 5 January 2015.
Funderburk J, Adkins, S. Freeman J, Stansly P, Smith H, McAvoy G, Demirozer O, Snodgrass C. Paret M, Leppla N. 2014b. Managing thrips and tospoviruses in tomato. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Electronic Data Information Source. ENY 859. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 5 January 2015.
Fung SY, Kuiper I, Dijke-Hermans CM, van der Meijden E. 2002. Growth, damage and silvery damage in chrysanthemum caused by Frankliniella occidentalis is related to leaf food quality. pp. 191-196. In: Marullo R, Mound L. (eds), Thrips and tosposviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia. (20 December, 2014)
GBIF. 2014. Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 20 December 2014.
Gonzalez D, Wilson LT. 1982. A food-web approach to economic thresholds: a sequence of pests/ predaceous arthropods on California cotton. Entomophaga 27: 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371853
Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california. (20 December 2014).
Hunter WB, Ullman. 1989. Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 18: 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(89)90024-X
IRAC. 2014. Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. http://www.irac-online.org/pests/frankliniella-occidentalis/
Kindt F, Joosten NN, Peters D, Tjallingii WF. 2003. Characterization of the feeding behavior of western flower thrips in terms of electrical penetration graph (EPG) waveforms. Journal of Insect Physiology 49: 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00255-X
Kirk WDJ, Terry LI. 2003. The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5: 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00192.x
Lewis T. 1991a. An introduction to the Thysanoptera: a survey of the group. In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis, T. (eds), Conference: Toward understanding Thysanoptera, Burlington, VT. 3-22. General Technical Reports NE-147, Randall, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne147/gtr_ne147_003.pdf
Lewis T. 1991b. Feeding, Flight and dispersal in thrips. In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis T. (eds), Conference: Toward understanding Thysanoptera, Burlington, VT. 63-70. General Technical Reports NE-147, Randall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/6365
Morse JG, Hoddle MS. 2006. Invasion biology of thrips. Annual Reviews of Entomology 51: 67-89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044
Mound LA, Teulon DAJ. 1995. Thysanoptera as phytophagous opportunists, pp. 3-19 In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis T. (eds.), Thrips Biology and Management NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences Vol. 276. Plenum Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1409-5_1
Mound LA, Paris D, Fisher N. 2009. World Thysanoptera. CSIRO. http://anic.ento.csiro.au/thrips/identifying_thrips/Thripinae.htm. (20 December 2014.)
Muvea AM, Waignjo MM, Kutima HL, Osiemo Z, Nyasani JO, Subramanian S. 2014. Attraction of pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infesting French beans to coloured sticky traps with Lurem-TR and its utility for monitoring thrips populations. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 34: 197-206.
Natwick ET, Byers, JA, Chu C, Lopez M, Henneberry TJ. 2007. Early detection and mass trapping of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci in vegetable crops. Southwestern Entomologist 32: 229-238. https://doi.org/10.3958/0147-1724-32.4.229
Ramachandran S, Funderburk J, Stavisky J, Olson S. 2001. Population abundance and movement of Frankliniella species and Orius insidiosus in field pepper. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 3:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2001.00097.x
Reitz SR. 2009. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): the making of a pest. Florida Entomologist. 92: 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0102
Reitz SR, Yu-lin G, Zhong-ren L. 2011. Thrips: pests of concern to China and the United States. Agricultural Sciences in China 10: 867-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60073-4
Salguero-Navas VE, Funderburk JE, Beshear RJ, Olson SM, Mack TP. 1991. Seasonal patterns of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato flowers. Journal of Economic Entomology 84: 1818-1822. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.6.1818
Shipp JL, Wang K. 2003. Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse tomatoes. Biological Control 28: 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00091-4
Stavisky J, Funderburk J, Broadbeck BV, Olson SM, Andersen PC. 2002. Population dynamics of Frankliniella spp. and Tomato spotted wilt incidence as influenced by cultural management tactics in tomato. Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 1216-1221. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1216
Terry LI, Gardener, D. 1990. Male mating swarms in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Insect Behaviour 3: 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049200
Webster C, Frantz G, Reitz S, Funderburk J, Mellinger HC, McAvoy E, Turecheck WW, Marshall SH, Tantiwanich Y, McGrath M, Daughtrey M, Adkins S. 2015. Emergence of groundnut ringspot virus and tomato chlorotic spot virus in vegetables in Florida and the southeastern United States. Phytopathology 105: 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-14-0172-R
Zhang ZJ, Wu QJ, Li XF, Zhang YJ, Xu BY, Zhu GR. 2007. Life history of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae), on five different vegetable leaves. Journal of Applied Entomology 1361: 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01186.x
Brodsgaard HF. 1994. Insecticide resistance in European and African strains of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) tested in a new residue-on-glass test. Journal of Economic Entomology 87: 1141-1146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.5.1141
CABI. (2014). Invasive species compendium: Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips). Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24426. 20 December 2014.
Chambers RJ, Long S, Helyer NL. 2008. Effectiveness of Orius laevigatus (Hem.: Anthocoridae) for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and pepper in the UK. Biocontrol Science and Technology 3: 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159309355284
Chau A, Heinz KM. 2006. Manipulating fertilization: a management tactic against Frankliniella occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 120: 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00441.x
Childers CC, Beshear RJ. 1992. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with developing citrus flowers in Florida and a key to adult terebrantian females. Journal of Entomological Science 27: 392-412. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.4.392
Demirozer O, Tyler-Julian K, Funderburk J, Reitz S, Leppla N. 2012. Integrated pest management program for thrips and Tospoviruses in fruiting vegetables. Pest Management Science 68 (12): 1537-15458. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3389
Dogramaci M, Arthurs SP, Chen J, McKenzie C, Irrizary F, Osborne L. 2011. Management of chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on peppers by Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Biological Control 59: 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.008
Frantz G, Fasulo TR. 2013. Thrips KnowledgeBase. Glades crop care. http://www.gladescropcare.com/thrips/pg1.html. 20 December 2014.
Frantz G, Mellinger HC. 1990. Flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from vegetables, ornamentals and associated weeds in south Florida. Proceedings of Florida State Horticultural Society 103: 134-137.
Frantz G, Mellinger HC. 2009. Shifts in western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), population abundance and crop damage. Florida Entomologist 92: 29-34 https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0106
Funderburk J. 2009. Management of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in fruiting vegetables. Florida Entomologist 92: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0101
Funderburk J, Reitz SR, Stansly PA, Freeman JH, McAvoy E, Whidden AJ, Nuessly GS, Leppla NC. 2014a. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Electronic Data Information Source. ENY 658. http://edis.edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 5 January 2015.
Funderburk J, Adkins, S. Freeman J, Stansly P, Smith H, McAvoy G, Demirozer O, Snodgrass C. Paret M, Leppla N. 2014b. Managing thrips and tospoviruses in tomato. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Electronic Data Information Source. ENY 859. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 5 January 2015.
Fung SY, Kuiper I, Dijke-Hermans CM, van der Meijden E. 2002. Growth, damage and silvery damage in chrysanthemum caused by Frankliniella occidentalis is related to leaf food quality. pp. 191-196. In: Marullo R, Mound L. (eds), Thrips and tosposviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia. (20 December, 2014)
GBIF. 2014. Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 20 December 2014.
Gonzalez D, Wilson LT. 1982. A food-web approach to economic thresholds: a sequence of pests/ predaceous arthropods on California cotton. Entomophaga 27: 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371853
Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california. (20 December 2014).
Hunter WB, Ullman. 1989. Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 18: 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(89)90024-X
IRAC. 2014. Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. http://www.irac-online.org/pests/frankliniella-occidentalis/
Kindt F, Joosten NN, Peters D, Tjallingii WF. 2003. Characterization of the feeding behavior of western flower thrips in terms of electrical penetration graph (EPG) waveforms. Journal of Insect Physiology 49: 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00255-X
Kirk WDJ, Terry LI. 2003. The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5: 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00192.x
Lewis T. 1991a. An introduction to the Thysanoptera: a survey of the group. In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis, T. (eds), Conference: Toward understanding Thysanoptera, Burlington, VT. 3-22. General Technical Reports NE-147, Randall, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne147/gtr_ne147_003.pdf
Lewis T. 1991b. Feeding, Flight and dispersal in thrips. In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis T. (eds), Conference: Toward understanding Thysanoptera, Burlington, VT. 63-70. General Technical Reports NE-147, Randall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/6365
Morse JG, Hoddle MS. 2006. Invasion biology of thrips. Annual Reviews of Entomology 51: 67-89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044
Mound LA, Teulon DAJ. 1995. Thysanoptera as phytophagous opportunists, pp. 3-19 In Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis T. (eds.), Thrips Biology and Management NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences Vol. 276. Plenum Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1409-5_1
Mound LA, Paris D, Fisher N. 2009. World Thysanoptera. CSIRO. http://anic.ento.csiro.au/thrips/identifying_thrips/Thripinae.htm. (20 December 2014.)
Muvea AM, Waignjo MM, Kutima HL, Osiemo Z, Nyasani JO, Subramanian S. 2014. Attraction of pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infesting French beans to coloured sticky traps with Lurem-TR and its utility for monitoring thrips populations. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 34: 197-206.
Natwick ET, Byers, JA, Chu C, Lopez M, Henneberry TJ. 2007. Early detection and mass trapping of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci in vegetable crops. Southwestern Entomologist 32: 229-238. https://doi.org/10.3958/0147-1724-32.4.229
Ramachandran S, Funderburk J, Stavisky J, Olson S. 2001. Population abundance and movement of Frankliniella species and Orius insidiosus in field pepper. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 3:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2001.00097.x
Reitz SR. 2009. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): the making of a pest. Florida Entomologist. 92: 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.092.0102
Reitz SR, Yu-lin G, Zhong-ren L. 2011. Thrips: pests of concern to China and the United States. Agricultural Sciences in China 10: 867-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60073-4
Salguero-Navas VE, Funderburk JE, Beshear RJ, Olson SM, Mack TP. 1991. Seasonal patterns of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato flowers. Journal of Economic Entomology 84: 1818-1822. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.6.1818
Shipp JL, Wang K. 2003. Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse tomatoes. Biological Control 28: 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00091-4
Stavisky J, Funderburk J, Broadbeck BV, Olson SM, Andersen PC. 2002. Population dynamics of Frankliniella spp. and Tomato spotted wilt incidence as influenced by cultural management tactics in tomato. Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 1216-1221. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1216
Terry LI, Gardener, D. 1990. Male mating swarms in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Insect Behaviour 3: 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049200
Webster C, Frantz G, Reitz S, Funderburk J, Mellinger HC, McAvoy E, Turecheck WW, Marshall SH, Tantiwanich Y, McGrath M, Daughtrey M, Adkins S. 2015. Emergence of groundnut ringspot virus and tomato chlorotic spot virus in vegetables in Florida and the southeastern United States. Phytopathology 105: 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-14-0172-R
Zhang ZJ, Wu QJ, Li XF, Zhang YJ, Xu BY, Zhu GR. 2007. Life history of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae), on five different vegetable leaves. Journal of Applied Entomology 1361: 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01186.x