Abstract
Message framing can be an effective tool for crafting messages for a target audience. This 5-page fact sheet explains how Extension can use gain and loss message framing to encourage Florida residents who irrigate their home landscape to adopt water-conservation practices. Part three of the series Encouraging Landscape Water-Conservation Behaviors and written by Courtney Owens, Laura Warner, Joy Rumble, Alexa Lamm, and Randall Cantrell, and published by the UF Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, June 2015.
References
Banks, S. M., Salovey, P., Greener, S., Rothman, A. J., Moyer, A., Beauvais, J., & Epel, E. (1995). The effects of message framing on mammography utilization. Health Psychology, 14(2), 178-184. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/20/4/256/ https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.14.2.178
Baum, M. C., Dukes, M. D., and Miller, G. L. (2003). "Residential irrigation uniformity and efficiency in Florida." ASAE Paper No. FL03- 100, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich.
Critcher, C. (2007). Gain-loss framing. In R. Baumeister, & K. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, 371-373. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253.n228 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253.n228
Delorme, D. E., Hagen, S. C., & Stout, I. J. (2010). Consumers' perspectives on water issues: Directions for educational campaigns. Journal of Environmental Education, 34(2), 28-35. doi: 10.1080/00958960309603497 https://doi.org/10.1080/00958960309603497
Detweiler, J. B., Bedell, B. T., Salovey, P., Pronin, E., & Rothman, A. J. (1999). Message framing and sunscreen use: Gain-framed messages motivate beach-goers. Health Psychology, 18(2), 189-195. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/18/2/189.pdf https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.18.2.189
Dietz, M. E., Clausen, J. C., Warner, G. S., & Filchak, K. K. (2002). Impacts of extension education on improving residential stormwater quality: Monitoring results. Journal of Extension, 40(60). Retrieve from http://www.joe.org/joe/2002december/rb5.php
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Goddard, H., & Wilson, C. (2004). Cooperative Extension initiatives in marriage and couples education. Family Relations, 53(5), 433-439. doi:10.1111/j.0197-6664.2004.00051.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0197-6664.2004.00051.x
Gorham, L., Telg, R., & Irani, T. (2013) Persuasion in Messages. (AEC 482). Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/wc145 https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc145-2013
Jensen, M. E. (1989). Motivating clients to change: The bottom line. Journal of Extension, 27(2). Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/1989summer/a1.php
Molgaard, V. (1997). The extension service as key mechanism for research and services delivery for prevention of mental health disorders in rural areas. American Journal of Community Psychiatry, 25(4), 515-544. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024611706598#page-1 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024611706598
Monaghan, P., Ott, E., Wilber, W., Gouldthorpe, J., & Racevskis, L. (2013). Defining audience segments for extension programming using reported water conservation practices. Journal of Extension, 51(6). Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2013december/a8.php
Nisbet, M., & Mooney, C. (2006). Science and society: Framing science. Science, 316, 56. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5821/56.full.pdf https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1142030
Obahayujie, J., & Hillison, J. (1988). Now hear this. Journal of Extension, 26(1). Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/1988spring/a6.php
Palmer, D. (2006). Raising the visibility of Extension web sites. Journal of Extension, 44(1). Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2006february/tt8p.shtml
Rogers, E. (1988). The intellectual foundation and history of the agricultural extension model. Science Communication, 9(4), 492-510. Retrieved from http://scx.sagepub.com/content/9/4/492.full.pdf+html https://doi.org/10.1177/0164025988009004003
Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of the three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9-20. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x
Schneider, T. R., Salovey, P., Apanovitch, A. M., Pizarro, J., McCarthy, D., Zullo, J., & Rothman, A. J. (2001). The effects of message framing and ethnic targeting on mammography use among low-income women. Health Psychology, 20(4), 256-266. Retrieved from http://php.scripts.psu.edu/users/n/x/nxy906/COMPS/messageframing/message%20framing%20lit/Schneidermulticultural.pdf https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.256
Seevers, B., Graham, D., & Conklin, N. (2007). Education through cooperative extension. (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers.
Stone, G., Singletary, M., & Richmond, V. P. (1999). Clarifying communication theories: A hands-on approach. (1st ed.). Iowa State University Press.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013a). Outdoor water use in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/watersense/docs/factsheet_outdoor_water_use_508.pdf
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013b). Saving water in Florida. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/watersense/docs/florida_state_fact_sheet_508.pdf
University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. (2011). Shaping solutions for Florida's future: The University of Florida extension roadmap 2013-2023. University of Florida. Retrieved from http://pdec.ifas.ufl.edu/roadmap/FloridaExtensionRoadmap_2013-2023.pdf of floridarl.edu/roadmap.shtml