Keywords
Probiotics
FS286
FS286
Categories
How to Cite
Dahl, Wendy J. 2016. “A Guide to Probiotics and Health: FSHN16-8/FS286, 11/2016”. EDIS 2016 (9). Gainesville, FL:6. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs286-2016.
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial for gastrointestinal wellness, immunity, and a variety of other health outcomes. There are hundreds of probiotic supplements available in the marketplace and choosing a supplement can be challenging. This 6-page fact sheet provides a summary of the health benefits of probiotics that are backed by a high level of scientific evidence. Written by Wendy J. Dahl and published by the Food Science and Human Nutrition department, November 2016.
References
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Cho, Y. A., and J. Kim. 2015. "Effect of Probiotics on Blood Lipid Concentrations: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Medicine (Baltimore) 94 (43): e1714. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001714 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001714
Dimidi, E., S. Christodoulides, K. C. Fragko, S. M. Scott, and K. Whelan. 2014. "The Effect of Probiotics On Func- tional Constipation In Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (4): 1075-1084. https://doi. org/10.3945/ajcn.114.089151h https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.089151
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. 2002. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. https://www.who.int/ foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf
Goldenberg, J. Z., S. S. Ma, J. D. Saxton, M. R. Martzen, P. O. Vandvik, K. Thorlund, G. H. Guyatt, and B. C. Johnston. 2013. "Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile- Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children." The Cochrane Database of Systematic Review (5):Cd006095. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub3
Gong, Y., Y. Li, and Q. Sun. 2015. "Probiotics Improve Efficacy and Tolerability of Triple Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 8 (4): 6530-43. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483842/
Gruner, D., S. Paris, and F. Schwendicke. 2016. "Probiotics for Managing Caries and Periodontitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Dentistry 48:16-25. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002
Hao, Q., B. R. Dong, and T. Wu. 2015. "Probiotics for Preventing Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." The Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2:Cd006895. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3
Health Canada. 2009. "Accepted Claims about the Nature of Probiotic Microorganisms in Food." Accessed March 30, 2020. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/claims-reclam/ probiotics_claims-allegations_probiotiques-eng.php
Hill, C., F. Guarner, G. Reid, G. R. Gibson, D. J. Merenstein, B. Pot, L. Morelli, R. B. Canani, H. J. Flint, S. Salminen, P. C. Calder, and M. E. Sanders. 2014. "The International Scien- tific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on The Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11 (8): 506-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66
Ikram, S., N. Hassan, M. A. Raffat, S. Mirza, and Z. Akram. 2018. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trials Using Probiotics in Chronic Periodontitis." Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 9 (3): e12338. https:// doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12338 https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12338
Jafarnejad, S., S. Shab-Bidar, J. R. Speakman, K. Parastui, M. Daneshi-Maskooni, and K. Djafarian. 2016. "Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18-64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years): A Meta-Analysis." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 31 (4): 502-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616639399 https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616639399
King, S., D. Tancredi, I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, K. Gould, H. Vann, G. Connors, M. E. Sanders, J. A. Linder, A. L. Shane, and D. Merenstein. 2018. "Does Probiotic Consumption Reduce Antibiotic Utilization for Common Acute Infec- tions? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." European Journal of Public Health 29 (3): 494-499. https://doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/cky185 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky185
Koutnikova, H., B. Genser, M. Monteiro-Sepulveda, J. M. Faurie, S. Rizkalla, J. Schrezenmeir, and K. Clément. 2019. "Impact of Bacterial Probiotics on Obesity, Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Related Variables: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Con- trolled Trials." BMJ 9 (3): e017995. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-017995 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017995
Lahner, E., C. Bellisario, C. Hassan, A. Zullo, G. Esposito, and B. Annibale. 2016. "Probiotics in the Treatment of Diverticular Disease. A Systematic Review." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 25 (1): 79-86. https:// doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.251.srw https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.251.srw
Lau, C. S., and R. S. Chamberlain. 2016. "Probiotics Are Effective at Preventing Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Inter- national Journal of General Medicine 9:27-37. https://doi. org/10.2147/ijgm.s98280 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S98280
Li, B. Z., D. E. Threapleton, J. Y. Wang, J. M. Xu, J. Q. Yuan, C. Zhang, P. Li, Q. L. Ye, B. Guo, C. Mao, and D. Q. Ye. 2015. "Comparative Effectiveness and Tolerance of Treatments For Helicobacter Pylori: Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis." BMJ 351:h4052. https://doi. org/10.1136/bmj.h4052 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4052
Li, C., X. Li, H. Han, H. Cui, M. Peng, G. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2016. "Effect of Probiotics on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials." Medicine (Baltimore) 95 (26): e4088. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000004088 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004088
Lu, D., J. Yan, F. Liu, P. Ding, B. Chen, Y. Lu, and Z. Sun. 2019. "Probiotics in Preventing and Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea: A Meta-Analysis." Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society 28 (4): 701-710. https:// doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.201912_28(4).0005
Lu, M., S. Yu, J. Deng, Q. Yan, C. Yang, G. Xia, and X. Zhou. 2016. "Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta-Analysis of Ran- domized Controlled Trials." PLoS One 11 (10): e0163743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163743 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163743
Lv, Z., B. Wang, X. Zhou, F. Wang, Y. Xie, H. Zheng, and N. Lv. 2015. "Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics as Adjuvant Agents for Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Meta-Analysis." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9 (3): 707-716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2174 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2174
Ma, Y., J. Y. Yang, X. Peng, K. Y. Xiao, Q. X., and C. Wang. 2020. "Which Probiotic Has the Best Effect on Preventing Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis." Journal of Digestive Diseases 21 (2): 69-80. https://doi. org/10.1111/1751-2980.12839 https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12839
McFarland, L. V. 2016. "An Observation on Inappropriate Probiotic Subgroup Classifications in the Meta-Analysis by Lau and Chamberlain." International Journal of General Medicine 9:333-336. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s119970 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S119970
McFarland, L. V., C. T. Evans, and E. J. Goldstein. 2018. "Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Effi- cacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Frontiers in Medicine 5 (124). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124
McFarland, L. V., Y. Huang, L. Wang, and P. Malfertheiner. 2016. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Multi-Strain Probiotics as Adjunct Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Prevention of Adverse Events." United European Gastroenterology Journal 4 (4): 546-61. https:// doi.org/10.1177/2050640615617358 https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640615617358
McFarland, L. V., P. Malfertheiner, Y. Huang, and L. Wang. 2015. "Meta-Analysis of Single Strain Probiotics for the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and Prevention of Ad- verse Events." World Journal of Meta-Analysis 3 (2): 97-117. https://doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v3.i2.97
https://doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v3.i2.97
Miller, L. E., A. K. Zimmermann, and A. C. Ouwehand. 2016. "Contemporary Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Probiotic Consumption on Gastrointestinal Transit." World Journal of Gastroenterology 22 (21): 5122-31. https://doi. org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5122 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5122
Oelschlaeger, T. A. 2010. "Mechanisms of Probiotic Actions-A Review." International Journal of Medical Microbiology i 300 (1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijmm.2009.08.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.005
Pattani, R., V. A. Palda, S. W. Hwang, and P. S. Shah. 2013. "Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Infection among Hos- pitalized Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Open Medicine 7 (2): e56-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863752/
Samah, S., K. Ramasamy, S. M. Lim, and C. F. Neoh. 2016. "Probiotics for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mel- litus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 118:172-182. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.014
Sanchez, B., S. Delgado, A. Blanco-Miguez, A. Lourenco, M. Gueimonde, and A. Margolles. 2016. "Probiotics, Gut Microbiota and Their Influence on Host Health and Disease." Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 61 (1): 1600240. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600240 https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600240
Schwenger, E. M., A. M. Tejani, and P. S. Loewen. 2015. "Probiotics for Preventing Urinary Tract Infections in Adults and Children." Cochrane Database of Systematic Review (12):Cd008772. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD008772.pub2 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
Shi, X., J. Zhang, L. Mo, J. Shi, M. Qin, and X. Huang. 2019. "Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics in Eradicat- ing Helicobacter pylori: A Network Meta-Analysis." Medicine 98 (15): e15180-e15180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MD.0000000000015180 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015180
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Tenorio-Jiménez, C., M. J. Martínez-Ramírez, A. G., and C. Gómez-Llorente. 2020. "Effects of Probiotics on Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials." Nutrients 12 (1): 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu12010124 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010124
Wang, Y. H., N. Yao, K. K. Wei, L. Jiang, S. Hanif, Z. X. Wang, and C. X. Pei. 2016. "The Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics for Prevention of Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Diarrhea in People with Abdominal and Pelvic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 70 (11): 1246-1253. https://doi. org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.102 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.102
Wang, Z. B., S. S. Xin, L. N. Ding, W. Y. Ding, Y. L. Hou,
C. Q Liu, and X. D. Zhang. 2019. "The Potential Role of Probiotics in Controlling Overweight/Obesity and Associ- ated Metabolic Parameters in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019:3862971. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/3862971 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3862971
Zhang, C., J. Jiang, F. Tian, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, Q. Zhai, and W. Chen. 2020. "Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of The Effects of Probiotics on Functional Constipa- tion in Adults." Clinical Nutrition 39 (10): 2960-69. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.005
Zhang, M. M., W. Qian, Y. Y. Qin, J. He, and Y. H. Zhou. 2015. "Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." World Journal of Gastroenterology 21 (14): 4345-57. https://doi. org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4345 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4345
Zhang, Q., Y. Wu, and X. Fei. 2016. "Effect of Probiotics on Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mel- litus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Medicina (Kaunas) 52 (1): 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. medici.2015.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.008
Zhang, Y., L. Li, C. Guo, D. Mu, B. Feng, X. Zuo, and Y. Li. 2016. "Effects of Probiotic Type, Dose and Treatment Duration on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diagnosed by Rome III Criteria: A Meta-Analysis." BMC Gastroenterology 16 (1): 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0470-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0470-z
Cho, Y. A., and J. Kim. 2015. "Effect of Probiotics on Blood Lipid Concentrations: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Medicine (Baltimore) 94 (43): e1714. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001714 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001714
Dimidi, E., S. Christodoulides, K. C. Fragko, S. M. Scott, and K. Whelan. 2014. "The Effect of Probiotics On Func- tional Constipation In Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (4): 1075-1084. https://doi. org/10.3945/ajcn.114.089151h https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.089151
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. 2002. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. https://www.who.int/ foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf
Goldenberg, J. Z., S. S. Ma, J. D. Saxton, M. R. Martzen, P. O. Vandvik, K. Thorlund, G. H. Guyatt, and B. C. Johnston. 2013. "Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile- Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children." The Cochrane Database of Systematic Review (5):Cd006095. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub3
Gong, Y., Y. Li, and Q. Sun. 2015. "Probiotics Improve Efficacy and Tolerability of Triple Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 8 (4): 6530-43. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483842/
Gruner, D., S. Paris, and F. Schwendicke. 2016. "Probiotics for Managing Caries and Periodontitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Dentistry 48:16-25. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002
Hao, Q., B. R. Dong, and T. Wu. 2015. "Probiotics for Preventing Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." The Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2:Cd006895. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3
Health Canada. 2009. "Accepted Claims about the Nature of Probiotic Microorganisms in Food." Accessed March 30, 2020. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/claims-reclam/ probiotics_claims-allegations_probiotiques-eng.php
Hill, C., F. Guarner, G. Reid, G. R. Gibson, D. J. Merenstein, B. Pot, L. Morelli, R. B. Canani, H. J. Flint, S. Salminen, P. C. Calder, and M. E. Sanders. 2014. "The International Scien- tific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on The Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11 (8): 506-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66
Ikram, S., N. Hassan, M. A. Raffat, S. Mirza, and Z. Akram. 2018. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trials Using Probiotics in Chronic Periodontitis." Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 9 (3): e12338. https:// doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12338 https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12338
Jafarnejad, S., S. Shab-Bidar, J. R. Speakman, K. Parastui, M. Daneshi-Maskooni, and K. Djafarian. 2016. "Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18-64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years): A Meta-Analysis." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 31 (4): 502-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616639399 https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616639399
King, S., D. Tancredi, I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, K. Gould, H. Vann, G. Connors, M. E. Sanders, J. A. Linder, A. L. Shane, and D. Merenstein. 2018. "Does Probiotic Consumption Reduce Antibiotic Utilization for Common Acute Infec- tions? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." European Journal of Public Health 29 (3): 494-499. https://doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/cky185 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky185
Koutnikova, H., B. Genser, M. Monteiro-Sepulveda, J. M. Faurie, S. Rizkalla, J. Schrezenmeir, and K. Clément. 2019. "Impact of Bacterial Probiotics on Obesity, Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Related Variables: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Con- trolled Trials." BMJ 9 (3): e017995. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-017995 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017995
Lahner, E., C. Bellisario, C. Hassan, A. Zullo, G. Esposito, and B. Annibale. 2016. "Probiotics in the Treatment of Diverticular Disease. A Systematic Review." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 25 (1): 79-86. https:// doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.251.srw https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.251.srw
Lau, C. S., and R. S. Chamberlain. 2016. "Probiotics Are Effective at Preventing Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Inter- national Journal of General Medicine 9:27-37. https://doi. org/10.2147/ijgm.s98280 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S98280
Li, B. Z., D. E. Threapleton, J. Y. Wang, J. M. Xu, J. Q. Yuan, C. Zhang, P. Li, Q. L. Ye, B. Guo, C. Mao, and D. Q. Ye. 2015. "Comparative Effectiveness and Tolerance of Treatments For Helicobacter Pylori: Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis." BMJ 351:h4052. https://doi. org/10.1136/bmj.h4052 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4052
Li, C., X. Li, H. Han, H. Cui, M. Peng, G. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2016. "Effect of Probiotics on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials." Medicine (Baltimore) 95 (26): e4088. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000004088 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004088
Lu, D., J. Yan, F. Liu, P. Ding, B. Chen, Y. Lu, and Z. Sun. 2019. "Probiotics in Preventing and Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea: A Meta-Analysis." Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society 28 (4): 701-710. https:// doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.201912_28(4).0005
Lu, M., S. Yu, J. Deng, Q. Yan, C. Yang, G. Xia, and X. Zhou. 2016. "Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta-Analysis of Ran- domized Controlled Trials." PLoS One 11 (10): e0163743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163743 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163743
Lv, Z., B. Wang, X. Zhou, F. Wang, Y. Xie, H. Zheng, and N. Lv. 2015. "Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics as Adjuvant Agents for Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Meta-Analysis." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9 (3): 707-716. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2174 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2174
Ma, Y., J. Y. Yang, X. Peng, K. Y. Xiao, Q. X., and C. Wang. 2020. "Which Probiotic Has the Best Effect on Preventing Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis." Journal of Digestive Diseases 21 (2): 69-80. https://doi. org/10.1111/1751-2980.12839 https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12839
McFarland, L. V. 2016. "An Observation on Inappropriate Probiotic Subgroup Classifications in the Meta-Analysis by Lau and Chamberlain." International Journal of General Medicine 9:333-336. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s119970 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S119970
McFarland, L. V., C. T. Evans, and E. J. Goldstein. 2018. "Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Effi- cacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Frontiers in Medicine 5 (124). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124
McFarland, L. V., Y. Huang, L. Wang, and P. Malfertheiner. 2016. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Multi-Strain Probiotics as Adjunct Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Prevention of Adverse Events." United European Gastroenterology Journal 4 (4): 546-61. https:// doi.org/10.1177/2050640615617358 https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640615617358
McFarland, L. V., P. Malfertheiner, Y. Huang, and L. Wang. 2015. "Meta-Analysis of Single Strain Probiotics for the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and Prevention of Ad- verse Events." World Journal of Meta-Analysis 3 (2): 97-117. https://doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v3.i2.97
https://doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v3.i2.97
Miller, L. E., A. K. Zimmermann, and A. C. Ouwehand. 2016. "Contemporary Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Probiotic Consumption on Gastrointestinal Transit." World Journal of Gastroenterology 22 (21): 5122-31. https://doi. org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5122 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5122
Oelschlaeger, T. A. 2010. "Mechanisms of Probiotic Actions-A Review." International Journal of Medical Microbiology i 300 (1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijmm.2009.08.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.005
Pattani, R., V. A. Palda, S. W. Hwang, and P. S. Shah. 2013. "Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Infection among Hos- pitalized Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Open Medicine 7 (2): e56-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863752/
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