Keywords
escarole
Cichorium endivia
Categories
How to Cite
Abstract
Escaroles and endives are two leafy vegetables of the Compositae family rich in nutrients and minerals. Both crops are uncommon in the United States, but both are planted in wintertime in Florida and in other states such as California and New Jersey. This publication aims the public and inform of their use in the leafy vegetable industry in Florida. As other leafy vegetables, escaroles and endives are susceptible to pests and diseases and other physiological disorders such as pink rib at postharvest. Using the correct management practices and the correct cultivars adapted for Florida could help producers in fields and in the home garden to achieve a successful crop.
References
Aisa, H. A., X. Xin, and D. Tang. 2020. “Chemical Constituents and Their Pharmacological Activities of Plants from Cichorium Genus.” Chinese Herbal Medicines 12 (3): 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.05.001
Al-Snafi, D. A. E. 2016. “Medical Importance of Cichorium intybus — A Review.” IOSR – Journal of Pharmacy 6 (3): 41–56. https://www.iosrphr.org/papers/v6i3/E0634156.pdf
Azay-Milhau, J., K. Ferrare, J. Leroy, J. Aubaterre, M. Tournier, A. -D. Lajoix, and D. Tousch. 2013. “Antihyperglycemic Effect of a Natural Chicoric Acid Extract of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): A Comparative In Vitro Study with the Effects of Caffeic and Ferulic Acids.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2): 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.046
Brecht, J. K., S. A. Sargent, P. E. Brecht, J. Saenz, and L. Rodowick. 2019. “Protecting Perishable Foods during Transport by Truck and Rail: HS1328, 4/2019.” EDIS 2019 (2). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1328-2019
Dalar, A., and I. Konczak. 2014. “Cichorium intybus from Eastern Anatolia: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities.” Industrial Crops and Products 60: 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.043
Degl’Innoocenti, E., A. Pardossi, M. Tattini, and L. Guidi. 2008. “Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Power in Minimally Processed Salad.” Journal of Food Biochemistry 32: 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2008.00188.x
Jurgonski, A., J. Milala, J. Juskiewicz, Z. Zdunczyk, and B. Król. 2011. “Composition of Chicory Root, Peel, Seed and Leaf Ethanol Extracts and Biological Properties of Their Non-Inulin Fractions.” Food Technology and Biotechnology 49 (1): 40–47. Retrieved from https://login.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarlyjournals/composition-chicory-root-peel-seed-leaf-ethanol/docview/928761536/se-2
Kamel, Z. H., I. Daw, and M. Marzouk. 2011. “Effect of Cichorium endivia Leaves on Some Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5: 387–396.
Lee, J., and C. F. Scagel. 2013. “Chicoric Acid: Chemistry, Distribution, and Production.” Frontiers in Chemistry 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2013.00040
Li, K., L. Zhang, J. Xue, X. Yang, X. Dong, L. Sha, H. Lei, et al. 2019. “Dietary inulin alleviates diverse stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in db/db mice.” Food & Function 10: 1915–1927. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO02265H
Llorach, R., A. Martínez-Sánchez, F. A. Tomás-Barberán, M. I. Gil, and F. Ferreres. 2008. “Characterisation of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Properties of Five Lettuce Varieties and Escarole.” Food Chemistry 108 (3): 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.032
Lucchin, M., S. Varotto, and G. Barcaccia. 2008. “Chicory and Endive.” In Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaccea, Chenopodiaceae, and Cucurbitaceae, edited by J. Prohens-Tomas, and F. Nuez. Springer.
Marlett, J. A., and T. F. Cheung. 1997. “Database and Quick Methods of Assessing Typical Dietary Fiber Intakes using Data for 228 Commonly Consumed Foods.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97 (10): 1139–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00275-7
Mascherpa, D., C. Carazzone, G. Marrubini, G. Gazzani, and A. Papetti. 2012. “Identification of Phenolic Constituents in Cichorium endivia var. Crispum and var. Latifolium Salads by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Ioniziation Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60 (49): 12142–12150. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3034754
Mentel, I., E. Cieślik, and A. Sadowska-Rociek. 2015. “Healthy Properties of Endive (Cichorium endivia l.) Depending on the Variety and Vegetative of Season.” Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 4 (3): 118–121. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2015.4.special3.118-121
Muthusamy, V. S., S. Anand, K. N. Sangeetha, S. Sujatha, B. Arun, and B. S. Lakshmi. 2008. “Tannins present in Cichorium intybus enhance glucose uptake and inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PTP1B inhibition.” Chemico-Biological Interactions 174 (1): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.016
Perović, J., V. Tumbas Šaponjac, J. Kojić, J. Krulj, D. A. Moreno, C. García-Viguera, M. Bodroža-Solarov, and N. Ilić, N. 2021. “Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a Food Ingredient — Nutritional Composition, Bioactivity, Safety, and Health Claims: A Review.” Food Chemistry 336: 127676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127676
Pushparaj, P. N., H. K. Low, J. Manikandan, B. K. H. Tan, and C. H. Tan. 2007. “Anti-Diabetic Effects of Cichorium intybus in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2): 430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.028
Saltveit, M. 2016. “Endive and Escarole.” In The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist & Nursery Stocks, edited by K. Gross, C. Y. Wang, and M. Saltveit. Agriculture Handbook 66. USDA-ARS. https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf
Shoaib, M., A. Shehzad, M. Omar, A. Rakha, H. Raza, H. R. Sharif, A. Shakeel, A. Ansari, and S. Niazi. 2016. “Inulin: Properties, Health Benefits and Food Applications.” Carbohydrate Polymers 147: 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.020
Testone, G., A. P. Sobolev, G. Mele, C. Nicolodi, M. Gonnella, G. Arnesi, T. Biancari, and D. Giannino. 2021. “Leaf nutrient content and transcriptomic analyses of endive (Cichorium endivia) stressed by downpour-induced waterlog reveal a gene network regulating kestose and inulin contents.” Horticulture Research 8: 92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00513-2
US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). 2017. Census of Agriculture, United States Summary and State Data. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) FoodData Central. n.d. “Standard Reference Legacy Data and Branded Foods Data.” Accessed July 16, 2023. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html
US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA-AMS). 2016. “Chicory, Endive and Escarole Grades and Standards.” https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/EndiveEscaroleChicoryStandard.pdf
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. “Daily Value on the New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels.” Accessed July 16, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-new-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels
Zou, J., L. Reddivari, Z. Shi, S. Li, Y. Wang, A. Bretin, V. L. Ngo, M. Flythe, M. Pellizzon, B. Chassaing, and A. T. Gewirtz. 2021. “Inulin fermentable fiber ameliorates Type I diabetes via IL22 and short-chain fatty acids in experimental models.” Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12 (3): 983–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.04.014
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 UF/IFAS