How to Cite
Abstract
Immature warble flies, or cattle grubs, infest and harm livestock throughout the world. Warble flies also are known as “heel flies” because they cause cattle to kick at themselves, and “gad flies” because they cause cattle to “gad about” in an attempt to evade the flies. Two species of cattle grubs occur in the U.S.A., the common cattle grub, and the northern cattle grub. This 6-page fact sheet was written by P. E. Kaufman and E. N. I. Weeks and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, March 2013.
References
Drummond, R. O., G. Lambert, H. E. Smalley, and C. E. Terrill. 1981. Estimated losses of livestock to pests, pp 111-127. In D. Pimentel (ed.), CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, Vol. 1. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Drummond, R. O. 1984. Control of larvae of the common cattle grub (Diptera: Oestridae) with animal systemic insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 402-406. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/77.2.402
Drummond, R. O., J. E. George, and S. E. Kunz. 1988. Control of arthropod pests of livestock: a review of technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Glick, J. I. 1976. Infestation of native Florida cattle with the northern cattle grub, Hypoderma bovis (Diptera: Oestridae). Fla. Entomol. 59: 190. https://doi.org/10.2307/3493970
Hassan, M., M. N. Khan, M. Abubakar, H. M. Waheed, Z. Iqbal, and M. Hussain. 2010. Bovine hypodermosis - a global perspective. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42: 1615-1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9634-y
Holste, J. E., D. D. Colwell, R. Kumar, J. E. Lloyd, N. P. M. Pinkall, M. A. Sierra, J. W. Waggoner, W. K. Langholff, R. A. Barrick, and J. S. Eagleson. 1998. Efficacy of eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp. in cattle. Am. J. Ver. Res. 59: 56-58.
Pruett, J. H., and S. E. Kunz. 1996. Development of resistance to Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) within a cattle herd. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 49-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/33.1.49
Scholl, P. J., R. Hironaka, and J. Weintraub. 1988. Impact of cattle grub (Hypoderma spp.) (Diptera: Oestridae) infestations on performance of beef cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 246-250. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.1.246
Scholl P. J., and J. Weintraub. 1988. Gonotrophic development in Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), with notes on reproductive capacity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81: 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.2.318
Scholl, P. J. 1993. Biology and control of cattle grubs. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39: 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.000413
Scholl, P., E. P. Catts, and G. R. Mullen. 2009. Myiasis (Muscoidea, Oestroidea), pp. 309-336. In G. R. Mullen and L. A. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2nd ed. Elsevier Science, San Diego, CA.
The documents contained on this website are copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.