Palabras clave
Pine Straw
FR395
FR395
Categorías
Cómo citar
Osiecka, Anna, Patrick J. Minogue, y E. David Dickens. 2016. «Guide to Fertilization for Pine Straw Production on Coastal Plain Sites: FOR327 FR395, 12 2015». EDIS 2016 (2). Gainesville, FL:12. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr395-2015.
Resumen
Pine straw has gained popularity as a mulch for residential and commercial landscaping in urban and suburban areas. It is attractive, relatively low-cost, and easy to work with. Best of all, it performs well in all kinds of locations–including those difficult-to-mulch slopes! Pine straw is perfect for water-efficient landscaping (xeriscaping), an increasingly popular choice for environmentally conscious landscapers. Thanks to the growing popularity of this natural mulch material, pine straw production has quickly become an important Florida industry. Regularly removing pine straw from pine stands is not without consequences, however; the loss of the cover and nutrients pine straw provides can reduce the productivity of the pine forest. Proper fertilization and harvest techniques are crucial to maintain the viability of the new industry and traditional pine industries alike. This 12-page guide explains how to fertilize wisely to offset the effects of pine straw removal and maintain the viability of pine plantations. Written by Anna Osiecka, Patrick J. Minogue, and E. David Dickens, and published by the School of Forest Resources and Conservation, December 2015.
FOR327/FR395: Guide to Fertilization for Pine Straw Production on Coastal Plain Sites (ufl.edu)
Citas
Allen, H.L. 1987. "Forest fertilizers: nutrient amendment, stand productivity, and environmental impact." J. For. 85: 37-46.
Anonymous. 2014. Gypsum. Nutrient source specifics. International Plant Nutrition Institute. Ref #16-10076. Norcross, GA. 1 p. http://www.ipni.net/publication/nss.nsf/0/7C3CA66236089F81852579AF00766606/$FILE/NSS-16%20Gypsum.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Anonymous. 2011. Managing pine straw production in North Carolina. North Carolina Forest Service. Longleaf Leaflet LL-#9. 2 p. http://ncforestservice.gov/publications/LongleafLeaflets/LL09.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Anonymous. 2008. Silviculture best management practices. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 116 p. http://freshfromflorida.s3.amazonaws.com/silvicultural_bmp_manual.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Baldocchi, D. 2012. Characterizing the Vegetation Canopy, Part II: Leaf Area Index. Lectures 3. Biometeorology, ESPM 129. University of California, Berkeley. 30 p. http://nature.berkeley.edu/biometlab/espm129/notes/Lecture%202%20Characterizing%20Vegetation%20Part%201%20Leaf%20area%20index%20notes.pdf. (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Blazier, M.A., T.C. Hennessey, P. Dougherty, and R. Campbell. 2006. "Nitrogen accumulation and use by a young loblolly pine plantation in southeast Oklahoma: Effects of fertilization formulation and date of application." South. J. Appl. For. 30:66-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/30.2.66
Blevins, D., H.L. Allen, S. Colbett, and W. Gardner. 2005. Nutrition management for longleaf pinestraw. Woodland owner notes. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - NCSU, Raleigh, NC. WON-30. 8 p. http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nutrition-management-for-longleaf-pinestraw.pdf
Chevasco, E.D. and P.J. Minogue. 2012. Can fertilization in pine straw production threaten water quality? Abstract. Third University of Florida Water Institute Symposium. February 15-16, 2012. Gainesville, FL.
Dickens, E.D., P.B. Bush, and L.A. Morris. 2003a. Poultry litter application recommendations in pine plantations. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 12 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/plarpp.html#BPLAFL. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D. and D.J. Moorhead. 2005. Sampling loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine foliage for nutrient analyses. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 4 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/foliage.html. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, C.T. Bargeron, and B.C. McElvany. 2011. Pine straw yields and economic benefits when added to traditional wood products in loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 8 p. http://www.warnell.uga.edu/outreach/pubs/pdf/forestry/Pine_straw_Dickens_et_al_6_July_2011.pdf (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, C.T. Bargeron, L.A. Morris, L.A. Ogden, and B.C. McElvany. 2012. "A summary of pine straw yields and economic benefits in loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands." Agroforest Syst 86: 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9542-4
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, D.E. Kissel, and L.A. Morris. 2010. Proper soil sampling and analysis for nutrient needs determination in loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine stands. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 4 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/SoilSamplingInPineStandsSept2010.pdf. (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, and B.C. McElvany. 2003b. "Pine plantation fertilization." Better Crops 87 (1): 12-15.
Dickens, D., D. Moorhead, and L. Morris. 2003c. Fertilizer recommendations for enhancing pine straw production. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 9 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/FREPSP.html (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D, D.J. Moorhead, L.A. Morris, and B.C. McElvany. 2004. Straw raking in southern pine stands and fertilization recommendations. Forest Productivity.net 7 p. http://www.forestproductivity.net/pdfs/Pine%20straw%20ext%20pub%2003-04.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dinus, R.J. and R.C. Schmidtling. 1971. Fusiform rust in loblolly and slash pine after cultivation and fertilization. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. 50-68. 10 p.
Duffey, P.D. and J.D. Schreiber. 1990. "Nutrient leaching of a loblolly pine forest floor by simulated rainfall II. Environmental factors." For. Sci. 36: 777-789.
Duryea, M. L. 2009. Pine straw management in Florida's forests. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Florida, Circular 831. 6 p. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ir00001818/0001. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Elliot, J.R., and T.R. Fox. 2014. "Ammonia volatilization following fertilization with urea or ureaform in a thinned loblolly pine plantation." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:1469-1473. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.12.0512n
Ginter, D.H., K.W. McLeod, and C. Sherrod, Jr. 1979. "Water stress in longleaf pine induced by litter removal." For. Ecol. Manage. 2: 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(79)90033-1
Glover, G.R. and J.N. Hool. 1979. "A basal area predictor of loblolly pine plantation mortality." For. Sci. 25:275-282.
Gordon, J.S. 2012. Pine Straw: growing pine needles. Mississippi State University Extension Service. Publication 2741. 4 p. http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2741.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Haywood, J.D., A.E. Tiarks, M.L. Elliott-Smith, and H.A. Pearson. 1998. "Response of direct seeded Pinus palustris and herbaceous vegetation to fertilization, burning, and pine straw harvesting." Biomass Bioenergy. 14:157-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10029-0
Hodges, A.W., W.D. Mulkey, J.R. Alavalapati, D.R. Carter, and C.F. Kiker. 2005. Economic impacts of the forest industry in Florida, 2003. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 47 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE53800.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Hollis, C.A., W.H. Smith, R.A. Schmidt, and W.L. Pritchett. 1975. "Soil and tissue nutrients, drainage, fertilization and tree growth as related to fusiform rust incidence in slash pine." For. Sci. 21: 141-148
Jokela, E.J. 2004. "Nutrient management of southern pines." Pages 27-35 In: Slash pine: still growing and growing! Proceedings of the slash pine symposium. Dickens, E.D., Barnett, J.P., Hubbard, W.G., and Jokela, E.J. (eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-76. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 148 p. http://forestproductivity.net/sitefactors/soils/nutrient_management_southern_pines.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Jokela, E.J. and A.J. Long. 2012. Using Soils to Guide Fertilizer Recommendations for Southern Pines. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences. Circ. 1230. 13 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr053. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Jorgensen, J.R. and C.G. Wells. 1986. A loblolly pine management guide. Foresters' primer in nutrient cycling. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-37. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 42 p. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_se037.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015) https://doi.org/10.2737/SE-GTR-37
Lopez-Zamora, I., M.L. Duryea, C. McCormac Wild, N.B. Comerford, and D.G. Neary. 2001. "Effect of pine needle removal and fertilization on tree growth and soil P availability in a Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii stand." For. Ecol. Manage. 148: 125-134 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00484-9
McLeod, K.W., C. Sherrod, and T.E. Porch. 1979. "Response of longleaf pine plantations to litter removal." For. Ecol. Manage. 2: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(79)90032-X
Moorhead, D.J., Dickens, E. D. 2002. Fertilizing pine plantations. A county agents' guide for making fertilization recommendations. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 5 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/csoillab.html. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Morris, L.A., E.J. Jokela, and J.B. O'Connor, Jr. 1992. Silvicultural guidelines for pinestraw management in the southeastern United States. Georgia Forestry Commission. Georgia Forestry Research Paper No. 88. 11 p. http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/resources/publications/research-papers/GFRP88.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Neary, D.G., L.A. Morris, and B.F. Swindel. 1984. "Site preparation and nutrient management in southern pine forests." In: Forest Soils and Treatment Impacts. Stone, E.L. (ed.). Proc. Sixth North American Forest Soils Conf., June 1983. Knoxville TN: University of Tennessee: 121-144.
Ober H.K. and L.W. DeGroote. 2014. "Repeated raking of pine plantations alters soil arthropod communities." 5: 689-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5040689
Ober H.K. and L.W. DeGroote. 2011. "Effects of litter removal on arthropod communities in pine plantations." Biodivers. Conserv. 20:1273-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0027-y
Ogden E.A. and L.A. Morris. 2004. "Effects of annual pine straw removal and mid-rotation fertilization on pine growth in unthinned plantations." Pages 90-97 In: Slash pine: still growing and growing! Proceedings of the slash pine symposium. Dickens, E.D., Barnett, J.P., Hubbard, W.G., and Jokela, E.J. (eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-76. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 148 p.
Overdahl, C.J., G.W. Rehm, and H.L. Meredith. 2014. Fertilizer urea. University of Minnesota Extension. Nutrient management 612-624-1222. 12 p. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-management/nitrogen/fertilizer-urea/. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Pritchett, W.L. and N.B. Comerford. 1983. "Nutrition and fertilization of slash pine." In: The managed slash pine ecosystem. Stone, E.L. (ed.). June 9-11, 1981. Gainesville, FL: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida: 69-90.
Rowan, S. J. 1977. "Fertilizer-induced changes in susceptibility to fusiform rust vary among families of slash and loblolly pine." Phytopathology 67: 1280-1284. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-67-1280
Switzer, G.L. and L.E. Nelson. 1972. "Nutrient accumulation and cycling in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation ecosystems: the first twenty years." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 36: 143-147. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600010033x
Wells, C.G and L. Allen. 1985. A loblolly pine management guide: when and where to apply fertilizer. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-36. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 23 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/SE-GTR-36
Wells, G.C., D.M. Crutchfield, N.M. Berenyi, and C.B. Davey. 1973. Soil and foliar guidelines for phosphorus fertilization of loblolly pine. Res. Pap. SE-110. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 17 p.
Zerpa, J.L. and T.R. Fox. 2011. "Controls of volatile ammonia losses from loblolly pine plantations fertilized with urea in the Southeast USA." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:257-266. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0101
Anonymous. 2014. Gypsum. Nutrient source specifics. International Plant Nutrition Institute. Ref #16-10076. Norcross, GA. 1 p. http://www.ipni.net/publication/nss.nsf/0/7C3CA66236089F81852579AF00766606/$FILE/NSS-16%20Gypsum.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Anonymous. 2011. Managing pine straw production in North Carolina. North Carolina Forest Service. Longleaf Leaflet LL-#9. 2 p. http://ncforestservice.gov/publications/LongleafLeaflets/LL09.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Anonymous. 2008. Silviculture best management practices. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 116 p. http://freshfromflorida.s3.amazonaws.com/silvicultural_bmp_manual.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Baldocchi, D. 2012. Characterizing the Vegetation Canopy, Part II: Leaf Area Index. Lectures 3. Biometeorology, ESPM 129. University of California, Berkeley. 30 p. http://nature.berkeley.edu/biometlab/espm129/notes/Lecture%202%20Characterizing%20Vegetation%20Part%201%20Leaf%20area%20index%20notes.pdf. (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Blazier, M.A., T.C. Hennessey, P. Dougherty, and R. Campbell. 2006. "Nitrogen accumulation and use by a young loblolly pine plantation in southeast Oklahoma: Effects of fertilization formulation and date of application." South. J. Appl. For. 30:66-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/30.2.66
Blevins, D., H.L. Allen, S. Colbett, and W. Gardner. 2005. Nutrition management for longleaf pinestraw. Woodland owner notes. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - NCSU, Raleigh, NC. WON-30. 8 p. http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nutrition-management-for-longleaf-pinestraw.pdf
Chevasco, E.D. and P.J. Minogue. 2012. Can fertilization in pine straw production threaten water quality? Abstract. Third University of Florida Water Institute Symposium. February 15-16, 2012. Gainesville, FL.
Dickens, E.D., P.B. Bush, and L.A. Morris. 2003a. Poultry litter application recommendations in pine plantations. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 12 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/plarpp.html#BPLAFL. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D. and D.J. Moorhead. 2005. Sampling loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine foliage for nutrient analyses. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 4 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/foliage.html. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, C.T. Bargeron, and B.C. McElvany. 2011. Pine straw yields and economic benefits when added to traditional wood products in loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 8 p. http://www.warnell.uga.edu/outreach/pubs/pdf/forestry/Pine_straw_Dickens_et_al_6_July_2011.pdf (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, C.T. Bargeron, L.A. Morris, L.A. Ogden, and B.C. McElvany. 2012. "A summary of pine straw yields and economic benefits in loblolly, longleaf and slash pine stands." Agroforest Syst 86: 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9542-4
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, D.E. Kissel, and L.A. Morris. 2010. Proper soil sampling and analysis for nutrient needs determination in loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine stands. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 4 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/SoilSamplingInPineStandsSept2010.pdf. (Accessed April 30, 2015)
Dickens, E.D., D.J. Moorhead, and B.C. McElvany. 2003b. "Pine plantation fertilization." Better Crops 87 (1): 12-15.
Dickens, D., D. Moorhead, and L. Morris. 2003c. Fertilizer recommendations for enhancing pine straw production. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 9 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/FREPSP.html (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dickens, E.D, D.J. Moorhead, L.A. Morris, and B.C. McElvany. 2004. Straw raking in southern pine stands and fertilization recommendations. Forest Productivity.net 7 p. http://www.forestproductivity.net/pdfs/Pine%20straw%20ext%20pub%2003-04.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Dinus, R.J. and R.C. Schmidtling. 1971. Fusiform rust in loblolly and slash pine after cultivation and fertilization. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. 50-68. 10 p.
Duffey, P.D. and J.D. Schreiber. 1990. "Nutrient leaching of a loblolly pine forest floor by simulated rainfall II. Environmental factors." For. Sci. 36: 777-789.
Duryea, M. L. 2009. Pine straw management in Florida's forests. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Florida, Circular 831. 6 p. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ir00001818/0001. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Elliot, J.R., and T.R. Fox. 2014. "Ammonia volatilization following fertilization with urea or ureaform in a thinned loblolly pine plantation." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:1469-1473. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.12.0512n
Ginter, D.H., K.W. McLeod, and C. Sherrod, Jr. 1979. "Water stress in longleaf pine induced by litter removal." For. Ecol. Manage. 2: 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(79)90033-1
Glover, G.R. and J.N. Hool. 1979. "A basal area predictor of loblolly pine plantation mortality." For. Sci. 25:275-282.
Gordon, J.S. 2012. Pine Straw: growing pine needles. Mississippi State University Extension Service. Publication 2741. 4 p. http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2741.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Haywood, J.D., A.E. Tiarks, M.L. Elliott-Smith, and H.A. Pearson. 1998. "Response of direct seeded Pinus palustris and herbaceous vegetation to fertilization, burning, and pine straw harvesting." Biomass Bioenergy. 14:157-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10029-0
Hodges, A.W., W.D. Mulkey, J.R. Alavalapati, D.R. Carter, and C.F. Kiker. 2005. Economic impacts of the forest industry in Florida, 2003. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 47 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE53800.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Hollis, C.A., W.H. Smith, R.A. Schmidt, and W.L. Pritchett. 1975. "Soil and tissue nutrients, drainage, fertilization and tree growth as related to fusiform rust incidence in slash pine." For. Sci. 21: 141-148
Jokela, E.J. 2004. "Nutrient management of southern pines." Pages 27-35 In: Slash pine: still growing and growing! Proceedings of the slash pine symposium. Dickens, E.D., Barnett, J.P., Hubbard, W.G., and Jokela, E.J. (eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-76. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 148 p. http://forestproductivity.net/sitefactors/soils/nutrient_management_southern_pines.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Jokela, E.J. and A.J. Long. 2012. Using Soils to Guide Fertilizer Recommendations for Southern Pines. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences. Circ. 1230. 13 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr053. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Jorgensen, J.R. and C.G. Wells. 1986. A loblolly pine management guide. Foresters' primer in nutrient cycling. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-37. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 42 p. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_se037.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015) https://doi.org/10.2737/SE-GTR-37
Lopez-Zamora, I., M.L. Duryea, C. McCormac Wild, N.B. Comerford, and D.G. Neary. 2001. "Effect of pine needle removal and fertilization on tree growth and soil P availability in a Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii stand." For. Ecol. Manage. 148: 125-134 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00484-9
McLeod, K.W., C. Sherrod, and T.E. Porch. 1979. "Response of longleaf pine plantations to litter removal." For. Ecol. Manage. 2: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(79)90032-X
Moorhead, D.J., Dickens, E. D. 2002. Fertilizing pine plantations. A county agents' guide for making fertilization recommendations. The Bugwood Network. Warnell School of Forest Resources, the University of Georgia, Athens. 5 p. http://www.bugwood.org/fertilization/csoillab.html. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Morris, L.A., E.J. Jokela, and J.B. O'Connor, Jr. 1992. Silvicultural guidelines for pinestraw management in the southeastern United States. Georgia Forestry Commission. Georgia Forestry Research Paper No. 88. 11 p. http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/resources/publications/research-papers/GFRP88.pdf. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Neary, D.G., L.A. Morris, and B.F. Swindel. 1984. "Site preparation and nutrient management in southern pine forests." In: Forest Soils and Treatment Impacts. Stone, E.L. (ed.). Proc. Sixth North American Forest Soils Conf., June 1983. Knoxville TN: University of Tennessee: 121-144.
Ober H.K. and L.W. DeGroote. 2014. "Repeated raking of pine plantations alters soil arthropod communities." 5: 689-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5040689
Ober H.K. and L.W. DeGroote. 2011. "Effects of litter removal on arthropod communities in pine plantations." Biodivers. Conserv. 20:1273-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0027-y
Ogden E.A. and L.A. Morris. 2004. "Effects of annual pine straw removal and mid-rotation fertilization on pine growth in unthinned plantations." Pages 90-97 In: Slash pine: still growing and growing! Proceedings of the slash pine symposium. Dickens, E.D., Barnett, J.P., Hubbard, W.G., and Jokela, E.J. (eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-76. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 148 p.
Overdahl, C.J., G.W. Rehm, and H.L. Meredith. 2014. Fertilizer urea. University of Minnesota Extension. Nutrient management 612-624-1222. 12 p. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-management/nitrogen/fertilizer-urea/. (Accessed February 18, 2015)
Pritchett, W.L. and N.B. Comerford. 1983. "Nutrition and fertilization of slash pine." In: The managed slash pine ecosystem. Stone, E.L. (ed.). June 9-11, 1981. Gainesville, FL: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida: 69-90.
Rowan, S. J. 1977. "Fertilizer-induced changes in susceptibility to fusiform rust vary among families of slash and loblolly pine." Phytopathology 67: 1280-1284. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-67-1280
Switzer, G.L. and L.E. Nelson. 1972. "Nutrient accumulation and cycling in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation ecosystems: the first twenty years." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 36: 143-147. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600010033x
Wells, C.G and L. Allen. 1985. A loblolly pine management guide: when and where to apply fertilizer. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-36. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 23 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/SE-GTR-36
Wells, G.C., D.M. Crutchfield, N.M. Berenyi, and C.B. Davey. 1973. Soil and foliar guidelines for phosphorus fertilization of loblolly pine. Res. Pap. SE-110. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 17 p.
Zerpa, J.L. and T.R. Fox. 2011. "Controls of volatile ammonia losses from loblolly pine plantations fertilized with urea in the Southeast USA." Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:257-266. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0101