Resumen
The papaya fruit fly is the principal insect pest of papaya throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the New World. The insect was introduced into Florida in 1905, most likely from the West Indies on papaya shipments. It first became established in the Florida Keys and Miami, then spread throughout the state wherever papayas are grown. Papaya fruit fly larvae and adults have been found in Florida in every month of the year. This revised 6-page fact sheet was written by H. L. Selman, J. B. Heppner, and T. R. Fasulo, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, January 2012.
Citas
Benjamin FH. 1934. Descriptions of some native trypetid flies with notes on their habits. U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 401: 1-95.
Berg GH. 1979. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae. San Salvador: Organ. Internac. Region. Sanidad Agropec. 36 pp.
Castrejon-Ayala F, Camino-Lavin M. 1991. New host plant record for Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 74: 466. https://doi.org/10.2307/3494842
Greene CT. 1929. Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain fruit flies. Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 489-504.
Heppner JB. (April 1986). Larvae of Fruit Flies III. Toxotrypana curvicauda (papaya fruit fly) (Diptera: Tephritidae). http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent282.pdf (5 November 2009).
Ibrahim RB. 1980. Fruit Flies of Florida (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ph. D. Dissertation: University of Florida. Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker. p. 188-190.
Knab F, Yothers WW. 1914. Papaya fruit fly. Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 447-453.
Landolt PJ. 1994. Fruit of Morrenia odorata (Asclepiadaceae) as a host for the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 77:287-288. https://doi.org/10.2307/3495516
Landolt PJ. 1990. Behavior of the papaya fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): host finding and oviposition. Environmental Entomology 19: 1305-1310. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.5.1305
Landolt PJ. 1984. Behavior of the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, (Diptera: Tephritidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana 61: 215-224.
Landolt PJ, Heath RR. 1996. Development of phermone-based trapping systems for monitoring and controlling tephritid fruit flies in Florida. pp. 197-207. In Rosen D, Bennett FD, Capinera JL. (editors). Pest Management in the Subtropics. Intercept Limited, United Kingdom.
Mason AC. 1922. Biology of the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda, in Florida. U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1081. 10 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.107995
Norrbom AL. (31 October 2001). Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker. The Diptera site. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/tephriti/Toxotryp/curvic.htm (14 January 2002).
Peña JE. 1988. Effectiveness of pesticides against two tropical fruit pests. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 101: 249-251.
Peña JE, Howard DF, Litz RE. 1986. Feeding behavior of Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) on young papaya seeds. Florida Entomologist 69: 427-428. https://doi.org/10.2307/3494950
Peña JE, Johnson FA. (August 2006). Insect management in papaya. EDIS. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG074 (5 November 2009). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ig077-2009
Phillips VT. 1946. The biology and identification of trypetid larvae (Diptera: Trypetidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 12: 1-161.
Weems Jr. HW. (July 1969). Papaya fruit fly (Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker), 1860 (Diptera: Tephritidae). http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent086.pdf (5 November 2009).
White IM, Elson-Harris MM. 1994. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CAB International. Oxon, UK. 601 pp.
Wolfenbarger DO, Walker SD. 1974. Two major pest problems of papayas. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 87: 384-385.