Contaminants in the Urban Environment: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)—Part 2
Common pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in households
view on EDIS
PDF-2015

Keywords

Contaminants in the Urban Environment series
SS633

Categories

How to Cite

Yang, Yun-Ya, and Gurpal S. Toor. 2015. “Contaminants in the Urban Environment: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)—Part 2: Sl420/SS633, 3/2015”. EDIS 2015 (3). Gainesville, FL:9. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss633-2015.

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products contain a variety of chemical substances that enter household wastewater from bath and shower, sinks, and washers and ultimately find their way into the environment. Continuous discharge of wastewater contributes to the accumulation of these substances in the environment — where they can be harmful to organisms. This publication is part of a series titled Contaminants in the Urban Environment. This series is intended to give state and local government officials, soil scientists, consulting engineers, extension agents, and citizens (1) a basic understanding of the occurrence, toxic effects, and source of various contaminants in the environment and (2) guidance on ways to protect human and environmental health. This 9-page fact sheet discusses the sources and impacts of PPCPs and offers common-sense ways we can protect our environment from PPCPs. Written by Yun-Ya Yang and Gurpal S. Toor, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, March 2015.

SL420/SS633: Contaminants in the Urban Environment: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)—Part 2 (ufl.edu)

https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss633-2015
view on EDIS
PDF-2015

References

Barnes, K. K., D. W. Kolpin, E. T. Furlong, S. D. Zaugg, M. T. Meyer, and L. B. Barber. 2008. "A National Reconnaissance of Pharmaceuticals and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in the United States - I) Groundwater." Science of the Total Environment 402: 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028

Benotti, M. J., R. A. Trenholm, B. J. Vanderford, J. C. Holady, B. D. Stanford, and S. A. Snyder. 2009. "Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in US Drinking Water." Environmental Science and Technology 43: 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801845a

Bound, J. P., and N. Voulvoulis. 2005. "Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom." Environmental Health Perspectives 113: 1705-1711. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8315

Boxall, A. B. A. 2004. "The Environmental Side Effects of Medication." EMBO Rep 5: 1110-1116. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400307

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. "Frequently Asked Questions about Antibiotic Resistance and Food Safety." Accessed February 10, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/narms/faq.html.

Dussault, È. B., V. K., Balakrishnan, E. Sverko, K. R. Solomon, and P. K. Sibley. 2008. "Toxicity of Human Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Benthic Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-354R.1

Ellis, J. B. 2006. "Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in urban receiving waters." Environmental Pollution 144: 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.018

Focazio, M. J., D. W. Kolpin, K. K. Barnes, E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, and M. E. Thurman. 2008. "A National Reconnaissance for Pharmaceuticals and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in the United States - II) Untreated Drinking Water Sources." Science of the Total Environment 402: 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.021

Fram, M. S., and K. Belitz. 2011. "Occurrence and Concentrations of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Groundwater Used for Public Drinking-Water Supply in California." Science of the Total Environment 409: 3409-3417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.053

Heuer, H., and K. Smalla. 2007. "Manure and Sulfadiazine Synergistically Increased Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance in Soil Over at Least Two Months." Environmental Microbiology 9: 657-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01185.x

Holling, C. S., J. L. Bailey, B. V. Heuvel, and C. A. Kinney. 2012. "Uptake of Human Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Cabbage (Brassica campestris) from Fortified and Biosolids-Amended Soils." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 14: 3029-3036. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30456b

Hollis, A., and Z. Ahmed. 2013. "Preserving antibiotics, rationally." New England Journal of Medicine 369: 2474-2476. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1311479

Ibotson, Anna. 2009. "Market Research: Consumer Products Show Promise for Specialty Chemicals." Accessed December 17, 2013. http://www.klinegroup.com/reports/emailings/newsletters/chemicals/december2009/timely_trends.asp.

Ishibashi, H., N. Matsumura, M. Hirano, M. Matsuoka, H. Shiratsuchi, Y. Ishibashi, Y. Takao, and K. Arizono. 2004. "Effects of Triclosan on the Early Life Stages and Reproduction of Medaka Oryzias latipes and Induction of Hepatic Vitellogenin." Aquatic Toxicology 67: 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.12.005

Jobling, S., D. Casey, T. Rodgers-Gray, J. Oehlmann, U. Schulte-Oehlmann, S. Pawlowski, T. Baunbeck, A. P. Turner, and C. R. Tyler. 2003. "Comparative Responses of Molluscs and Fish to Environmental Estrogens and an Estrogenic Effluent." Aquatic Toxicology 65: 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00134-6

Kim, S. C., J. G. Davis, C. C. Truman, J. C. Ascough, and K. Carlson. 2010. "Simulated Rainfall Study for Transport of Veterinary Antibiotics-Mass Balance Analysis." Journal of Hazardous Materials 175: 836-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.086

Kinney, C. A., E. T. Furlong, S. L. Werner, and J. D. Cahill. 2006. "Presence and Distribution of Wastewater-Derived Pharmaceuticals in Soil Irrigated with Reclaimed Water." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-187R.1

Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, and H. T. Buxton. 2002. "Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance." Environmental Science and Technology 36: 1202-1211. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011055j

Lapworth, D. J., N. Baran, M. E. Stuart, and R. S. Ward. 2012. "Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: A Review of Sources, Fate and Occurrence." Environmental Pollution 163: 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034

Lienert, J., K. Güdel, B. I. Escher. 2007. "Screening Method for Ecotoxicological Hazard Assessment of 42 Pharmaceuticals Considering Human Metabolism and Excretory Routes." Environmental Science and Technology 41: 4471-4478. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0627693

Ma, T., X. Wan, Q. Huang, Z. Wang, and J. Liu. 2005. "Biomarker Responses and Reproductive Toxicity of the Effluent from a Chinese Large Sewage Treatment Plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)." Chemosphere 59: 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.033

Miller, K. J., and J. Meek. 2006. "Helena Valley Ground Water: Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, Endocrine Disruptors (PPCPs) and Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination." Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Open File Report 532.

National Center for Health Statistics. 2013. "Health, United States, 2012: With Special Feature on Emergency Care." Hyattsville, MD.

Oosterhuis, M., F. Sacher, and T. L. ter Laak. 2013. "Prediction of Concentration Levels of Metformin and Other High Consumption Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Regional Surface Water Based on Sales Data." Science of the Total Environment 442: 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.046

Peak, N., C. W. Knapp, R. K. Yang, M. M. Hanfelt, M. S. Smith, D. S. Aga, and D. W. Graham. 2007. "Abundance of Six Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Wastewater Lagoons at Cattle Feedlots with Different Antibiotic use Strategies." Environmental Microbiology 9: 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01123.x

Pinheiro, A., R. M. Rosa Albano, T. C. Alves, V. Kaufmann, and M. R. da Silva. 2013. "Veterinary Antibiotics and Hormones in Water from Application of Pig Slurry to Soil." Agricultural Water Management 129: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.019

Richmond, E. K., M. R. Grace, J. J. Kelly, A. J. Reisinger, E. J. Rosi, and D. M. Walters. 2017. "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are ecological disrupting compounds (EcoDC)." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 5: 66. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.252

Rosi, E. J., H. A. Bechtold, D. Snow, M. Rojas, A. J. Reisinger, and J. J. Kelly. 2018. "Urban stream microbial communities show resistance to pharmaceutical exposure." Ecosphere 9: e02041. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2041

Sabourin, L., P. Duenk, S. Bonte-Gelok, M. Payne, D. R. Lapen, and E. Topp. 2012. "Uptake of Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Parabens into Vegetables Grown in Soil Fertilized with Municipal Biosolids." Science of the Total Environment 431: 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.017

Stackelberg, P. E., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, S. D. Zaugg, A. K. Henderson, and D. B. Reissman. 2004. "Persistence of Pharmaceutical Compounds and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in A Conventional Drinking-Water Treatment Plant." Science of the Total Environment 329: 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015

Tamura, I., K. Kagota, Y. Yasuda, S. Yoneda, J. Morita, N. Nakada, Y. Kameda, K. Kimura, N. Tatarazako, and H. Yamamoto. 2013. "Ecotoxicity and Screening Level Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Five Antimicrobial Agents: Triclosan, Triclocarban, Resorcinol, Phenoxyethanol and p-thymol." Journal of Applied Toxicology 33: 1222-1229. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2771

Ternes, T. A., M. Meisenheimer, D. McDowell, F. Sacher, H. Brauch Jr., B. Haist-Gulde, G. Preuss, U. Wilme, and N. Zulei-Seibert. 2002. "Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Drinking Water Treatment." Environmental Science and Technology 36: 3855-3863. https://doi.org/10.1021/es015757k

Toor, G. S., M. Lusk, and T. Obreza. 2011. Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: Trace Organic Chemicals. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss554. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss552-2011

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2009. How to Dispose of Medicines Properly.

United States Food and Drug Administration. 2013. "How to Dispose of Unused Medicines." Accessed February 10, 2014. http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm101653.htm.

United States Pharmaceutical Statistics. 2013. "US Pharmaceuticals Sales-2012." Accessed December 2, 2013. http://www.drugs.com/stats/top100/2012/sales.

Vajda, A. M., L. B. Barber, J. L. Gray, E. M. Lopez, J. D. Woodling, and D. O. Norris. 2008. "Reproductive Disruption in Fish Downstream from an Estrogenic Wastewater Effluent." Environmental Science and Technology 42: 3407-3414. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0720661

Whitacre, D. M. 2011. "Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology." Springer 202: 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6

Xu, H., J. Yang, Y. Wang, Q. Jiang, H. Chen, and H. Song. 2008. "Exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol Impairs Reproductive Functions of Both Male and Female zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Aquatic Toxicology 88: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.020

Zha, J., Z. Wang, N. Wang, and C. Ingersoll. 2007. "Histological Alternation and Vitellogenin Induction in Adult Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after Exposure to Ethynylestradiol and Nonylphenol." Chemosphere 66: 488-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.071

Zhang, Y., and S.-U. Geißen. 2010. "Prediction of Carbamazepine in Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents and Its Implications for Control Strategies of Pharmaceutical Aquatic Contamination." Chemosphere 80: 1345-1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.030

Zhang, Y., S.-U. Geißen, and C. Gal. 2008. "Carbamazepine and Diclofenac: Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Occurrence in Water Bodies." Chemosphere 73: 1151-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.086

License