Keywords
scale insect
invasive pest
invasive species
regulatory
How to Cite
Abstract
Elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is an armored scale insect native to Japan and eastern Asia. This insect was first documented in the United States in 1908 in Queens, NY, and has since spread throughout most of the eastern United States. Though the primary hosts of the pest, hemlocks and firs, do not occur in Florida, there are concerns that elongate hemlock scale coming into the region on cut Christmas trees may disperse and establish on conifers that do occur in Florida. Of specific interest are two endangered species, Florida torreya (Torreya taxiflora) and Florida yew (Taxus floridana), which are native to a small region in northwestern Florida. Also of concern are Florida forestry species, Florida Christmas tree species, and species used for ornamental plantings in Florida. What can Florida do to protect its native conifers and farmed trees from the elongate hemlock scale? Find out in this 5-page fact sheet written by Adam Dale, Travis Birdsell, and Jill Sidebottom and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department.
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1253
References
Danzig, E. M., and G. Pellizzari. 1998. Diaspididae. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coccoidea. Plant Protections Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary 526 pp.
Kosztarab, M. P. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Virginia Museum of Natural History. Martinsburg, VA 650 pp.
Lambdin, P. L., J. Grant, and R. C. Reardon. 2008. Density and distribution of the elongate hemlock scale on eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Oeiras, Portugal, 24-27 September 2007. ISA Press Lisbon, Portugal 322 pp.
McClure, M. S., and M. B. Fe. 1977. Fiorinia externa and Tsugaspidiotus tsugae (Homoptera: Diaspididae): distribution, abundance, and new hosts of two destructive scale insects of eastern hemlock in Connecticut. Environmental Entomology 6: 807-811. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/6.6.807
Miller, D. R., and J. A. Davidson. 1990. A list of the armored scale insect pests. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Series title: World Crop Pests, Vol. 4B]
Miller, D. R., and J. A. Davidson. 2005. Armored scale insect pests of tree and shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 442 pp.
Murakami, Y. 1970. A review of the biology and ecology of Diaspine scales in Japan (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Mushi 43: 65-114.
Stimmel, J. F. 1979. Elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris Homoptera: Diaspididae. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular No. 36. Vol. 5, No.1.
Stimmel, J. F. 1980. Seasonal history and occurrence of Fiorinia externa Ferris in Pennsylvania (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 82: 700-706.
Talerico, R. L., C. W. McComb, and W. T. Garrett. 1967. Fiorinia externa Ferris, a scale insect of hemlock. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Pest Leaflet, 107:1-4.
Tao, C. C. C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Special publication (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute) No. 78: 1-175.
USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station and Forest Health Protection. "Alien Forest Pest Explorer - species map." Database last updated 30 July 2019. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/tools/afpe/maps/
USDA NASS. 2019. 2017 United States Census of Agriculture. Volume 1 Part 51. AC-17-A-51. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.