Toxicity of malathion and spinosad to Bactrocera zonata and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Keywords:
Mediterranean fruit fly, peach fruit fly, bait spray, phagostimulationAbstract
Recently, there was an outbreak of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the metropolitan area of Tel Aviv in central Israel. The default action taken in response was the intensive use of the male attractant methyl eugenol applied together with the organophosphate insecticide malathion, which is toxic to a wide range of insects. In agricultural groves, the baited spinosad formulation GF-120 is routinely used to control the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of malathion and spinosad to B. zonata and C. capitata in Israel, following both contact exposure (tactile) and feeding (insecticides mixed with bait). While doses of 1,000 and 2,000 part per million (ppm) of malathion were highly toxic to C. capitata, both upon contact and when eaten with bait, a dose of 10,000 ppm (1%) generated between 10-35% mortality of B. zonata. This insensity to the toxicant cannot be explained by feeding avoidance. On the other hand, the toxicity of spinosad to B. zonata was significant with LC80, LC90 and LC99 values of 12.28, 17.67 and 33.62 ppm, respectively. This suggests that the control measures routinely taken against C. capitata in Israel are also effective against B. zonata.
Key Words: Mediterranean fruit fly; peach fruit fly; bait spray; phagostimulation
Resumen
Recientemente se detectó un brote de mosca del durazno, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), en la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Tel Aviv en el centro de Israel. El programa de acción aplicado inmediatamente a partir de la detección fue la aplicación masiva del atrayente masculino, metileno de eugenol, mezclado con el insecticida organofosforado malation, que se le conoce por ser toxico para una gran cantidad de insectos. En hortalizas de Israel el compuesto GF-120™ es usado rutinariamente para controlar a la mosca de las frutas del Mediterraneo, Ceratits capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). El presente estudio examina el efecto toxico de malathion y espinosad en poblaciones de B. zonata y C. capitata de Israel. El estudio investigo el efecto de la exposición de contacto (táctil) así como el efecto de la mezcla ingerida (insecticida más cebo). Aunque las dosis de 1,000 y 2,000 partes por millón (ppm) de malathion fueron altamente toxicas para C. capitata tanto al contacto como al ser ingeridas con cebo, dosis de 10,000 ppm (1%) solo generaron una mortalidad de entre 10 to 35% en B. zonata. Este resultado no puede ser justificado en base a un rechazo de las moscas a la ingestión de la mezcla. Por otro lado, la toxicidad de espinosad en B. zonata fue significativa, con valores respectivos de LC80, LC90 y LC99 de 12.28, 17.67, y 33.62 ppm, respectivamente. Estos resultados sugieren que los tratamientos rutinarios en hortalizas realizados en contra de C. capitata en Israel puedenserefectivos contra de C. capitata en Israel deben de ser también efectivos contra B. zonata.
Palabras Clave: mosca de las frutas del Mediterráneo; mosca de durazno; aspersión de cebos tóxicos; fagoestimulación
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