Postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in citrus fruit: Tolerance of eggs and larvae to ionizing radiation
Keywords:
false codling moth, radiation biology, radiosensitivity, immature stages, flight ability, mortality, sterilityAbstract
Historical and current pre- and postharvest strategies are reviewed to identify problems inherent to the control of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The development of resistance to registered insecticides and the potential risk of damage to export fruit using cold disinfestation protocols necessitated investigating an alternate strategy such as ionizing radiation for the postharvest suppression of the insect. The acute effect of 40–100 Gy of ionizing radiation was assessed on 24–96 h old eggs. It was established that the eggs increased in radiotolerance as they developed and at 96 h the natural and induced egg mortality of non-irradiated and irradiated eggs did not differ greatly. The flight ability and oviposition of moths developing from irradiated 96 h old eggs were totally prevented at 70 and 50 Gy, respectively. A dose of 50 Gy was assessed on 1st to 5th instars. Radiotolerance increased with instar, making the 5th instar the most radiotolerant and the one for which a phytosanitary treatment should be efficacious. Doses of ionizing radiation from 40–200 Gy were used to estimate the lowest effective dose able to prevent further development of 5th instars, or alternatively, totally suppress reproduction and/or flight ability of moths developing from treated larvae. The lowest doses for arrested development of larvae and sterility of moths were 150 and 60 Gy, respectively. Flight ability could not be totally suppressed with 70 Gy.
Resumen
Estrategias históricas y actuales de pre- y pos-cosecha son revisados para identificar los problemas inherentes al control de Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). El desarrollo de la resistencia a los insecticidas registrados y el riesgo potencial de daño a la exportación de frutas a través de protocolos de desinfección fríos hizo necesario la investigación de una estrategia alternativa, como la radiación ionizante para la supresión de este insecto en la poscosecha. Se evaluó el efecto agudo de 40-100 Gy de radiación ionizante en huevos de 24 a 96 horas de edad. Se estableció que los huevos incrementaban en radiotolerancia mientras que se desarrollaban y en 96 horas la mortalidad natural e inducida de huevos no irradiados y irradiados no fue muy diferente. La capacidad de vuelo y la oviposición de las polillas en desarrollo de huevos de 96 horas de edad irradiadas fueron totalmente impedídos a 70 y 50 Gy, respectivamente. Se evaluó una dosis de 50 Gy en los estadios 1 al 5. La radiotolerancia aumentó con los estadios, haciendo que el quinto estadio sea el más radiotolerante y el cual un tratamiento fitosanitario debe ser eficaz. Se utilizaron las dosis de radiación ionizante de 40-200 Gy para estimar la dosis efectiva más baja que es capaz para evitar un mayor desarrollo del 5º estadio, o alternativamente, que pueda suprimir totalmente la reproducción y/o la capacidad de vuelo de polillas desarrolladas de larvas tratadas. La dosis más baja para detener el desarrollo de las larvas y la esterilidad de las polillas fue 150 y 60 Gy, respectivamente. La capacidad de vuelo no podía ser totalmente suprimida con 70 Gy.
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