Bioassay of plant extracts against the spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Keywords:
Direct spray, residual film, mixed extracts, antifeedant, mutual effectAbstract
The spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive invasive pest in many parts of the world. Topical spray and dry film contact assays were conducted to measure the toxicity of eight plant extracts and their mixtures traditionally used as insecticides in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The highest mortality (100%) of adults was recorded for neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (ethanol) extract (500 mg/L) at 6 hours after topical spray. This was followed by five-leaved chaste tree (Vitex negundo L.) (ethanol), sweet sop (Annona squamosa L.) (acetone), water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) (acetone), banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.) (ethanol), banyan (acetone), and crown flower (Calotropis gigantean L.) (ethanol) extracts in 500 mg/L at 12 hours after the spray. For the dry film method, the highest mortality (100%) of adults was also recorded for neem (ethanol) extract (500 mg/L) at 18 hours after the treatment. Bioassay results indicate that neem (ethanol) extract mixed with crown flower (acetone), oleander (Nerium indicum L.) (acetone), or sweet sop (ethanol) (in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 for each plant extract) exhibited a synergism. Neem (ethanol) extract also showed the highest mean repellency rate (93%). In conclusion, neem, five-leaved chaste tree, sweet sop, water pepper, banyan (acetone), banyan (ethanol), and crown flower extracts showed good potential to control A. dispersus, and the mixtures of these plant extracts showed synergistic activity against A. dispersus.
Key Words: direct spray; residual film; mixed extract; antifeedant; mutual effect
Resumen
La mosca blanca en espiral, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), es una plaga invasiva destructiva en muchas partes del mundo. Se realizaron ensayos de aspersión tópical y de contacto con una película seca para medir la toxicidad de 8 extractos de plantas y sus mezclas tradicionalmente usadas como insecticidas en países del sur de Asia tales como Bangladesh, India y Nepal. La mayor mortalidad (100%) de los adultos se registró para el extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss; Meliaceae) (etanol) (500 mg/L) a las 6 horas después de las aspersiones tópicales. A esto le siguió el árbol casto de 5 hojas (Vitex negundo L.; Lamiaceae) (etanol), anón dulce (Annona squamosa L.; Annonaceae) (acetona), pimienta de agua (Polygonum hydropiper L.; Polygonaceae) (etanol), higuera (Ficus benghalensis L.; Moraceae) (acetona) y flor de corona (Calotropis gigantea [L.] W. T. Aiton; Apocynaceae) (etanol) en 500 mg /l a las 12 horas después de las aspersiones. Para el método de la película seca, la mayor mortalidad (100%) de los adultos también se registró para el extracto de neem (etanol) (500 mg / L) a las 18 h después del tratamiento. Los resultados del bioensayo indican que el extracto de neem (etanol) mezclado con flor de corona (acetona), adelfa (Nerium indicum L.; Apocynaceae) (acetona), o anón dulce (etanol) (en la proporción de 1:1, 1:2 y 1:3 para cada extracto de planta) mostró sinergismo. El extracto de neem (etanol) también mostró la mayor tasa de repelencia media (93%). En conclusión, el neem, el árbol casto de 5 hojas, el anón dulce, la pimienta de agua, el banyan (acetona), el banyan (etanol) y los extractos de flor corona mostraron un buen potencial para controlar A. dispersus y las mezclas de estos extractos vegetales mostraron actividad sinérgica contra A. dispersus.
Palabras Clave: aspersiones directas; película residual; extracto mixto; anti-alimentación; efecto mutuo
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