Distribution of Xenomyrmex floridanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida and the West Indies
Keywords:
distribution, geographic range, native range, red mangrove, RhizophoraAbstract
Xenomyrmex floridanus Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a small arboreal ant known only from peninsular Florida and the West Indies. Xenomyrmex floridanus colonies nest in plant cavities, particularly in hollow twigs and dead branches. I compiled and mapped >100 site records for X. floridanus, documenting the earliest known records for the 4 geographic areas where it occurs: peninsular Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica. Records of X. floridanus range from Gainesville, Florida (29.7°N) in the north to Pedro Cross, Jamaica (18.9°N) in the south. Xenomyrmex floridanus shows striking evolutionary convergences in morphology and behavior with Monomorium floricola (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an Old World tramp ant species that has spread worldwide through human commerce. Both species are tiny, thin, and short-legged, a morphology that allows them to nest in very narrow plant cavities. In addition, both are slow moving and have an exceptional ability to cling to surfaces, a capacity that probably allows them to avoid being blown out of trees, even in high winds. Monomorium floricola has invaded Florida and the West Indies, where it may negatively impact X. floridanus populations. In red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.; Rhizophoraceae) in southeastern Florida, I found that X. floridanus is the most common native ant and M. floricola is the most common exotic ant.
Resumen
Xenomyrmex floridanus Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) es una pequeña hormiga arbórea conocida sólo en la península de la Florida y las Indias Occidentales. Las colonias de Xenomyrmex floridanus anidan en las cavidades de las plantas, particularmente en las ramas huecas y muertas. Se hizo una compilación y un mapa de >100 sitios donde se ha registrado X. floridanus, documentando los primeros registros conocidos para las 4 áreas geográficas donde ocurre: la peninsula de la Florida, las Bahamas, Cuba y Jamaica. Los registros de X. floridanus van desde Gainesville, Florida (29.7°N) en el norte a Pedro Cross, Jamaica (18.9°N) en el sur. Xenomyrmex floridanus muestra convergencias evolutivas sorprendentes en la morfología y el comportamiento con Monomorium floricola (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), una especie de hormiga que se ha esparcido por todo el mundo a través del comercio humano. Ambas especies son minúsculas, delgadas y de piernas cortas, una morfología que les permite anidar en las cavidades mas estrechas de las plantas. Además, ambas son de movimiento lento y tienen una capacidad excepcional para aferrarse a las superficies, una capacidad que probablemente les permite evitar ser sopladas de los árboles, incluso en fuertes vientos. Monomorium floricola ha invadido la Florida y las Antillas, donde puede afectar negativamente a las poblaciones de X. floridanus. En el manglar rojo (Rhizophora mangle L .; Rhizophoraceae) en el sureste de la Florida, encontré que X. floridanus es la hormiga nativa más común y M. floricola es la hormiga exótica más común.
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