A survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with citrus orchards in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
Keywords:
Citriculture, South America, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, PseudococcidaeAbstract
Many scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), including species of great economic importance, are associated with plants of the genus Citrus in citrus producing regions around the world. Revision and updating of lists of scale insect species based on field surveys contributes to improving their management and is an important tool for preventing their introduction into non-infested areas. The purpose of this study was to present an updated list of scale insect species in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Samples were collected between Sep 2014 and Sep 2015, and between Sep 2016 and Jul 2017, from rural and urban areas and from nurseries in 27 municipalities in the principal citrus-producing regions in the state of São Paulo, known as the “citrus belt.” A total of 22 species in 6 families were identified: (1) Coccidae: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Coccus viridis (Green), Parasaissetianigra (Nietner), Saissetia coffeae (Walker); (2) Diaspididae: Acutaspis scutiformis (Cockerell), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Parlatoria cinerea Hadden in Doane & Hadden, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green), Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), Unaspis citri (Comstock); (3) Lecanodiaspididae: Lecanodiaspis rugosa Hempel; (4) Monophlebidae: Icerya purchasi Maskell; (5) Ortheziidae: Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas), and (6) Pseudococcidae: Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Leptococcus minutus (Hempel), Planococcus citri (Risso), and Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel. This is the first report of L. gloverii, P. nigra, P. aspidistrae, P. trilobitiformis, and P. cryptus on citrus in São Paulo, and of M. smilacis on Rutaceae host plants. Parlatoria ziziphi, S. articulatus, and U. citri were the most frequently observed species on the sampled plants, and they are among those that reached high levels of infestation throughout the collection period. A review of all scale insects associated with Citrus spp. in Brazil also is included.
Resumo
Muitas cochonilhas (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), incluindo espécies de grande importância econômica, são registradas em associação com plantas do gênero Citrus nas regiões produtoras da frutífera ao redor do mundo. Fornecer listas revisadas e atualizadas de espécies de cochonilhas, baseadas em levantamentos de campo, além de contribuir para o manejo das mesmas, é um importante instrumento para que se possa prevenir a sua introdução em áreas não infestadas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi apresentar uma lista atualizada de espécies de cochonilhas em pomares cítricos localizados no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas entre set de 2014 e set de 2015, e entre set de 2016 e jul de 2017, em áreas rurais, áreas urbanas e viveiros de 27 municípios pertencentes às principais regiões produtoras de citros do estado de São Paulo, conhecida como “cinturão citrícola.” Foram identificadas 22 espécies pertencentes a seis famílias: (1) Coccidae: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Coccus viridis (Green), Parasaissetianigra (Nietner), Saissetia coffeae (Walker); (2) Diaspididae: Acutaspis scutiformis (Cockerell), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Parlatoria cinerea Hadden in Doane & Hadden, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green), Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), Unaspis citri (Comstock); (3) Lecanodiaspididae: Lecanodiaspis rugosa Hempel; (4) Monophlebidae: Icerya purchasi Maskell; (5) Ortheziidae: Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas), y (6) Pseudococcidae: Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Leptococcus minutus (Hempel), Planococcus citri (Risso), and Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel. Registra-se aqui pela primeira vez L. gloverii, P. nigra, P. aspidistrae, P. trilobitiformis, e P. cryptus sobre citros no estado de São Paulo, e M. smilacis sobre plantas hospedeiras de Rutaceae. Parlatoria ziziphi, S. articulatus, and U. citri foram as mais frequentemente observadas sobre as plantas amostradas, e estão entre as espécies que atingiram os maiores níveis de infestação durante o período de coleta. Uma revisão com todas as espécies associadas à Citrus spp. no Brasil é incluída.
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