Phytosanitary cold treatment against Anastrepha grandis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Keywords:
quarantine treatment, phytosanitation, South American cucurbit fly, Cucurbita pepoAbstract
Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is endemic to the lowland Andean region of South America and considered a quarantine pest of cucurbits by most tropical and subtropical countries outside of the infested region. Despite its regulatory significance, the only phytosanitary treatment available is a generic phytosanitary irradiation dose of 150 Gy that is accepted for all Tephritidae but that was developed without any data on radiotolerance of A. grandis. The objectives of this research were to determine the most cold-tolerant developmental stage of A. grandis and to estimate a time period required for a phytosanitary cold treatment in zucchini squash, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae). The most cold-tolerant developmental stage of A. grandis in fruit was the 3rd instar, and the time required for a phytosanitary cold treatment in zucchini squash when treated at a minimum of 1.0 °C was estimated at ~23 d. This indicates that A. grandis is approximately as cold tolerant as the most cold-tolerant Anastrepha species known, i.e., Anastrepha ludens (Loew). However, in small-scale testing, no survivors were found at 14 d (n = 340) and the estimated time of 23 d needs to be confirmed by large-scale testing before it should be used commercially. As statistical estimates of extreme values (>99.9%) are not very reliable, and data from 3rd instars did not fit the model well, large-scale testing should be initiated at a treatment time <23 d to not result in an excessive commercial treatment dose.
Resumo
A espécie Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) é endêmica na planície Andina, região da América do Sul, e considerada uma praga quarentenária de abóboras pela maior parte do mundo tropical e subtropical que não faz parte da região infestada. Apesar de ter importância regulamentada, o único tratamento fitossanitário disponível é uma dose genérica de irradiação de 150 Gy que foi aplicada contra qualquer Tephritidae, sem que houvesse quaisquer dados de radiotolerância dos insetos. Esta pesquisa determina o estágio larval de A. grandis, encontrado no interior dos frutos, mais tolerante ao frio (3º instar), e estima o tempo necessário (~23 dias) para o tratamento fitossanitário a frio em abobrinhas, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) quando submetidas a um mínimo de 1,0 °C. Isso indica que a A. grandis é aproximadamente tão tolerante ao tratamento de frio quanto a espécie de Anastrepha mais tolerante a esse mesmo tratamento já conhecida, a A. ludens (Loew). No entanto, em testes em pequena escala, não foram encontrados sobreviventes para 14 dias de tratamento (n = 340) e a dose estimada de 23 dias precisa ser confirmada por testes em larga escala antes que se permita a comercialização dos frutos. Como as estimativas de valores extremos (>99,9%) através de regressão não são muito confiáveis, e dados de 3º ínstares não se encaixaram bem de nenhuma maneira no modelo, testes em larga escala devem ser iniciados em uma dose consideravelmente menor que 23 dias para não resultar em uma dose excessiva de tratamento comercial.
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