Inheritance of fifteen microsatellite loci in Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Keywords:
allelic inheritance, Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly, Mendelian expectations, multiplexAbstract
Molecular methods that rely on microsatellite markers have been developed for population genetic studies and diagnostics of tephritid pest species such as the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Whereas many of these markers are tested to see if they are within the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, very few markers developed for pest species are tested to ensure the selected alleles behave according to the laws of Mendelian inheritance. Fifteen previously developed microsatellite markers were examined for Mendelian inheritance. Nine parental groups consisting of a laboratory reared parent and a wild type parent and their respective progeny were examined. In total, 174 flies, consisting of 90 males and 84 females, were analyzed. Seventy-seven segregation ratio tests were performed to determine if any departures from expected Mendelian inheritance occurred. Representatives from each of the observed alleles were cloned and sequenced. Troubleshooting was performed on loci that did not conform to expected Mendelian inheritance ratios to confirm the cause and improve laboratory procedures. Issues observed included incomplete adenylation at the 5’ end in Ccmic3, the presence of artifactual bands leading to false calls in Ccmic25, and monomorphic alleles in Ccmic7. Only 1 locus, Ccmic25, deviated from Mendelian expectations after protocol optimization in the form of a detected transmission ratio distortion leading to excessive heterozygosity. Finally, 1 locus, Ccmic9, showed evidence of allelic homoplasy.
Resumen
Se han desarrollado métodos moleculares que dependen de marcadores de microsatélites para los estudios genéticos de población y el diagnóstico de las especies de plagas tefritidos como la mosca de la fruta del Mediterráneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mientras que muchos de estos marcadores se prueban para ver si están dentro del equilibrio de Hardy Weinberg, muy pocos de los marcadores desarrollados para especies plaga se prueban para asegurar que los alelos seleccionados se comportan según las leyes de la herencia Mendeliana. Quince marcadores de microsatélites desarrollados anteriorment fueron examinados para la herencia Mendeliana. Se examinaron nueve grupos de parentales que consistían en un parental de crianza de laboratorio y un parental de mosca silvestre y su progenie respectiva. En total, se analizaron 174 moscas, compuestas de 90 machos y 84 hembras. Se realizaron 77 pruebas de relación de segregación para determinar si se produjo alguna desviación de la herencia Mendeliana esperada. Los representantes de cada uno de los alelos observados fueron clonados y secuenciados. Se realizó la solución de problemas en loci que no se ajustan a las proporciones esperadas de herencia Mendeliana para confirmar la causa y mejorar los procedimientos de laboratorio. Los problemas observados incluyeron adenilación incompleta en el extremo 5’en Ccmic3, la presencia de bandas artifactuales que conducen a llamadas falsas en Ccmic25 y alelos monomórficos en Ccmic7. Sólo 1 locus, Ccmic25, se desvió de las expectativas Mendelianas después de la optimización del protocolo en forma de una distorsión de la relación de transmisión detectada que conduce a heterozigosidad excesiva. Finalmente, 1 locus, Ccmic9, mostró evidencia de homoplasia alélica.
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