Attraction of Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) to beer waste and other protein sources laced with ammonium acetate
Keywords:
low-cost bait, bait accessibility, monitoring, suppression, integrated pest managementAbstract
Adult tephritid fruit fly females require protein sources for adequate egg production, and ammonia and its derivatives serve as volatile cues to locate protein-rich food. The attractiveness of beer waste and the commercially available baits Nu-Lure® Insect Bait, Buminal®, and Bugs for Bugs® Fruit Fly Bait with and without ammonium acetate or ammonium carbonate to males and females of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was quantified in semi-field cage studies in Hawaii. Evaluations also compared the relative attractiveness of the baits to that of the standard bait GF-120® NF Naturalyte® Fruit Fly Bait. Our findings indicate that ammonium carbonate did not exert any effect on the response of B. cucurbitae or B. dorsalis to the protein baits evaluated and that the addition of ammonium acetate to beer waste and to the commercially available bait Bugs for Bugs® can improve bait attractiveness in particular to females of B. cucurbitae. Beer waste laced with ammonium acetate performed as well as the standard fruit fly bait GF-120®. There were variations in the level and type of response between B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, and such variability was dependent upon the type of bait being evaluated. For example, there were several instances where baits lacking ammonium acetate (e.g., beer waste and Nu-Lure® for B. cucurbitae; Buminal® for B. dorsalis) were as attractive as GF-120®. Results are discussed in light of potential applications associated with the use of beer waste as a low-cost, readily available material for fruit fly monitoring and suppression.
Resumen
Se tiene conocimiento que hembras de moscas de la fruta requieren de fuentes de proteína para una adecuada producción de huevecillos, y que amoniaco y sus derivados sirven como señales volátiles para ubicar fuentes ricas de proteína. El potencial atractivo del desecho de cerveza y los cebos comerciales Nu-Lure® Insect Bait, Buminal®y Bugs for Bugs® Fruit Fly Bait en la presencia / ausencia de acetato de amonio o carbonato de amonio hacia machos y hembras de Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) y B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) fue cuantificado en jaulas de campo en Hawaii. Las evaluaciones también compararon la atracción relativa de los cebos con el cebo estándar GF-120® NF Naturalyte® Fruit Fly Bait. Nuestros resultados indican que el carbonato de amonio no produce efecto alguno en la respuesta de B. cucurbitae o B. dorsalis a los cebos proteicos evaluados y que la adición de acetato de amonio al desecho de cerveza y al cebo comercial Bugs for Bugs® puede mejorar la atracción en particular en el caso de hembras de B. cucurbitae. El desecho de cerveza con acetato de amonio se desempeñó tan bien como el cebo comercial GF-120®. En adición, hubo variaciones en el nivel y tipo de respuesta entre B. cucurbitae y B. dorsalis, y dicha variabilidad dependió del tipo de cebo evaluado. Por ejemplo, hubieron varias instancias en las cuales cebos que no contaban con acetato de amonio (e.g., desecho de cerveza y Nu-Lure® para B. cucurbitae; Buminal® para B. dorsalis) fueron tan atractivos como GF-120®. Los resultados se discuten en vista de las aplicaciones potenciales asociadas con el uso del desecho de cerveza como un material de bajo costo y de fácil disponibilidad para el monitoreo y supresión de moscas de la fruta.
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