Fumigant and contact toxicity and oviposition deterrent effects of plant essential oils on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Keywords:
tomato whitefly, anti-oviposition activity, laboratory, greenhouseAbstract
Ethanol-extracted essential oils from sweet flag Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Acoraceae), cow parsnip Heracleum hemsleyanum Diels (Apiaceae), and wild asparagus Stemona japonica (Blume) Miq. (Stemonaceae) were examined for their contact and fumigant toxicity and oviposition deterrent potential against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions during Oct to Dec 2015. To determine fumigant toxicity, adult whiteflies were tested in airtight glass jars containing essential oil on filter paper. Mortality rates were recorded after 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of exposure. Essential oil from A. tatarinowii was the strongest toxicant, with mortality rates of 20.4, 37.1, 73.3, and 98.8%, respectively, followed by S. japonica and H. hemsleyanum. To test contact toxicity, females were released in a cage containing tomato leaves treated with essential oil in the laboratory, and females were released in a cage containing tomato plants sprayed with essential oil in the greenhouse. Mortality rates were examined after 6, 12, 18, and 24 h in the laboratory and after 24 and 48 h in the greenhouse. Leaves were examined for oviposition immediately after the last recording. Essential oils from A. tatarinowii showed the most insecticidal and anti-oviposition activity for all recording times in both the laboratory (41.3, 56.9, 85.6, and 95.6% mortality, respectively) and the greenhouse (58.3 and 80.8% mortality, respectively), followed by H. hemsleyanum and S. japonica. Based on our study, all 3 essential oils possess contact and fumigant toxicity and anti-oviposition properties against female whiteflies.
Resumen
Se examinaron los aceites esenciales extraeidos con etanol de acoro Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Acoraceae), vaca chirivía Heracleum hemsleyanum Diels (Apiaceae) y el espárrago silvestre Stemona japonica (Blume) Miq. (Stemonaceae) para su toxicidad de contacto, su efecto fumigante y su potencial de disuadir la oviposición de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en condiciones de laboratorio e invernadero desde octubre hasta diciembre del 2015. Para determinar la toxicidad como fumigante, adultos de la mosca blancas fueron probados en frascos de vidrio herméticos que contiene el aceite esencial sobre papel de filtro. Las tasas de mortalidad se registraron a 2, 4, 6, y 8 horas de la exposición. El aceite esencial de A. tatarinowii fue el tóxico más fuerte, con tasas de mortalidad del 20,4, 37,1, 73,3 y 98,8%, respectivamente, seguido de S. japonica y H. hemsleyanum. Para la prueba de toxicidad por contacto, las hembras fueron liberadas en una jaula que contiene las hojas de tomate tratadas con el aceite esencial en el laboratorio, y las hembras fueron liberadas en una jaula con plantas de tomate rociadas con el aceite esencial en el invernadero. Se examinaron las tasas de mortalidad después de 6, 12, 18, y 24 horas en el laboratorio y después de 24 y 48 horas en el invernadero. Las hojas fueron examinadas para la oviposición inmediatamente después del último registro. Los aceites esenciales de A. tatarinowii mostraron la mayor actividad insecticida y anti-oviposición para todos los tiempos de registro, tanto en el laboratorio (41.3, 56.9, 85.6, y 95.6% de mortalidad, respectivamente) y el efecto invernadero (el 58,3 y el 80,8% de mortalidad, respectivamente), seguido por H. hemsleyanum y S. japonica. Basado en nuestro estudio, los 3 aceites esenciales poseen propiedades de contacto y fumigante toxicidad y anti-oviposición contra las hembras de moscas blancas.
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