Occurrence of natural enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Chihuahua, Mexico
Keywords:
biological control, fall armyworm, parasitoids, fungi, baculovirus, nematodeAbstract
All instars of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith & Abbot (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were collected in maize (corn) fields in 5 localities of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, in 2014, with the main objectives of identifying its natural enemies and estimating the level of parasitism. Larvae were maintained under controlled conditions, fed with artificial diet, and observed daily until the emergence of parasitoids, until the appearance of mycosis, nematodes, or typical symptoms of baculoviral infection, or until they reached adulthood. Out of 5,870 larvae collected, 1,068 were attacked by natural enemies (parasitoids and entomopathogens), representing a total incidence of 18.2%. The incidence of parasitism by parasitoids was 8.1%, and parasitoids emerged from 5.8% of the larvae. The parasitoids found were: Chelonus insularis Cresson and Meteorus arizonensis Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron), Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead), Pristomerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); and Lespesia sp. and Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Meteorus arizonensis and C. flavicincta were the most commonly encountered parasitoids, affecting 3% and 1.3% of the total collected larvae, respectively. Also, 2 species of entomopathogenic fungi were found: Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber comb. nov. (= Nomuraea rileyi [Farl.] Samson; Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), with incidences of 8.6% and 0.65%, respectively. Forty-nine nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae) isolates were obtained, corresponding to an incidence of 0.8%. Also, 0.07% of larvae were infected by entomopathogenic nematodes. In addition to the parasitoids and pathogens obtained, 34 specimens of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were found during the surveys.
Resumen
Se recolectaron larvas de todos los instares de gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda Smith & Abbot (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), en parcelas de maíz, en 5 localidades del estado de Chihuahua, México en el 2014, con el objetivo de identificar a sus enemigos naturales y estimar el nivel de parasitismo. Las larvas fueron mantenidas bajo condiciones controladas, alimentadas con dieta artificial, y observadas diariamente hasta la emergencia de parasitoides, la aparición de micosis, nematodos, síntomas típicos de infección viral o hasta que llegaron a la etapa adulta. De 5,870 larvas recolectadas, 1,068 fueron atacadas por enemigos naturales (parasitoides y entomopatógenos), representando una incidencia del 18.2%. La incidencia de parasitismo causada por parasitoides fue de 8.1%, y emergió el 5.8% de las larvas. Se encontraron los himenópteros parasitoides: Chelonus insularis Cresson, Meteorus arizonensis Muesebeck (Braconidae), Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron), Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead), Pristomerus sp. (Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard (Eulophidae), Lespesia sp. y Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Meteorus arizonensis y C. flavicincta fueron los parasitoides más comúnmente encontrados, afectando el 3% y 1.3%, del total de las larvas recolectadas, respectivamente. También, se encontraron 2 especies de hongos entomopatógenos: Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber comb. nov. (= Nomuraea rileyi [Farl.] Samson; Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) y Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) con incidencias de 8.6% y 0.65%, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron 49 aislados de nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae) correspondiente a una incidencia del 0.8%. Un 0.07% de las larvas fueron infectadas por nematodos entomopatógenos. Adicionalmente, a los parasitoides y patógenos, se encontraron 34 especímenes del depredador Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) durante la recolecta.
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