Toxicity of an acetogenin-based bioinsecticide against Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Keywords:
botanical insecticide, Annona mucosa, deterrent, selectivity, IPMAbstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is currently the most important insect pest affecting citrus worldwide due to its relation (as insect vector) with huanglongbing (greening) disease. To determine an alternative tool for D. citri control, this study evaluated the insecticidal activity of ethanolic extract from Annona mucosa Jacq. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) seeds (ESAM), which has the acetogenin rolliniastatin-1 as its major compound, against D. citri. ESAM caused high mortality in both 3rd instar nymphs (LC50 = 429.43, 247.95, 148.16, 96.89, and 57.76 mg/L after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h of exposure, respectively) and adults (LC50 = 5,359.00, 2,464.00, 1,507.00, and 795.51 mg/L after 48, 72, 96, and 120 h of exposure, respectively), showing higher effectiveness than Azamax® 1.2 EC (azadirachtin + 3-tigloylazadirachtol, positive control) at the recommended concentration, which showed insecticidal effects only on nymphs. At a sublethal concentration (LC25), ESAM caused significant reductions in feeding and oviposition of D. citri adults. However, the adult emergence of the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was reduced when exposed (by contact) to ESAM in its larval stage. In a greenhouse trial (seedlings cultivated in vases), the insecticidal activity of formulated ESAM was superior to that of Azamax® 1.2 EC, showing a residual effect of approximately 6 d (effectiveness > 80%). The effectiveness of ESAM (> 99%) for D. citri control also was confirmed in a commercial sweet orange farm (field trial). In light of these results, ESAM can constitute a useful component in the framework of D. citri integrated pest management, mainly in domestic orchards and organic systems.
Resumo
O psilídeo-dos-citros, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), é o mais importante inseto-praga da citricultura mundial na atualidade devido sua relação (inseto vetor) com o huanglongbing (greening). De modo a detectar ferramentas alternativas de manejo, foi avaliada, primeiramente, a atividade inseticida do extrato etanólico de sementes de Annona mucosa Jacq. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) (ESAM), o qual possui a acetogenina roliniastatina-1 como composto ativo majoritário, sobre D. citri. ESAM causou alta mortalidade de ninfas de 3o instar (CL50 = 429,43; 247,95; 148,16; 96,89 e 57,76 mg/L após 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição, respectivamente) e de adultos (CL50 = 5.359,00; 2.464,00; 1.507,00 e 795,51 mg/L após 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição, respectivamente), mostrando uma eficácia superior ao bioinseticida Azamax® 1,2 EC (azadiractina + 3-tigloilazadiractol, controle positivo) testado na concentração registrada, o qual mostrou ação somente sobre ninfas. Em concentração subletal (CL25), ESAM causou significativa redução na alimentação e oviposição de D. citri. Entretanto, a emergência de adultos do seu ectoparasitoide, Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), foi reduzida quando em contato com o ESAM no estágio larval. Em um teste em casa de vegetação (mudas cultivadas em vasos), a atividade inseticida do ESAM formulado foi superior ao Azamax® 1,2 EC, com efeito residual de aproximadamente seis dias (eficácia > 80%). A eficácia do ESAM (> 99%) no controle de D. citri foi também confirmada em um cultivo comercial de laranjeira-doce (teste de campo). Diante desses resultados, ESAM pode ser um componente útil para o manejo integrado de D. citri, especialmente em pomares domésticos e sistemas orgânicos.
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