The red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the West Indies: distribution of natural enemies and a possible test bed for release of self-sustaining biocontrol agents
Keywords:
Kneallhazia solenopsae, Vairimorpha invictae, SINV, SiDNV, Pseudacteon, pathogen, parasiteAbstract
Sample collections of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were taken from 20 islands of the West Indies and evaluated for the presence of key pathogens and parasites of this invasive pest ant. We hypothesized that bottleneck events during the introduction of this ant species in the West Indies would have resulted in populations devoid, or nearly so, of natural enemies. Monogyne and polygyne social forms were found throughout the islands surveyed with monogyny being more prevalent (65%) compared with polygyny (35%). Among 254 samples, only 25 (~10%) tested positive for the presence of pathogens or parasites. The microsporidian Kneallhazia solenopsae was the most prevalent pathogen detected; it was found in 20 colonies. A second microsporidian species, Vairimorpha invictae, was shown to be present in a polygyne sample collected from St. Croix—the first detection of this pathogen outside South America. Similarly, Solenopsis invicta densovirus (SiDNV) was detected in one polygyne sample from Anguilla. SiDNV is not found in S. invicta U.S. populations, so this detection also represents the first geographic discovery outside of South America. Two species of Pseudacteon decapitating flies were found to have dispersed into the Bahamas. Utilization of the islands of the West Indies for release, establishment, and impact assessment of S. invicta natural enemies is discussed.
Resumen
Colecciones de muestras de Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fueron tomadas de 20 islas Antillanas y evaluadas para determinar la presencia de patógenos y parásitos claves de esta hormiga plaga invasora. Presumimos que los eventos de cuello de botella durante la introducción de esta especie de hormiga en el Caribe se deben a la población carente, o casi, de enemigos naturales. Las formas sociales monoginias y poliginias fueron encontradas en todas las islas examinadas siendo las monoginias las más frecuentes (65%) en comparación con las poliginias (35%). Entre las 254 muestras, solamente 25 fueron positivas para la presencia de patógenos o parásitos. El microsporidio Kneallhazia solenopsae fue el patógeno más prevalente detectado; fue encontrado en 20 colonias. Una segunda especie de microsporidio, Vairimorpha invictae, fue encontrado en una muestra poliginia de St. Croix—la primera detección de este patógeno fuera de Sudamérica. Del mis mo modo, Solenopsis invicta densovirus (SiDNV) fue detectado en una muestra poliginia de Anguila. SiDNV no se encuentra en las poblaciones de S. invicta en EE.UU., por lo que esta detección también representa el primer descubrimiento geográfico fuera de América del sur. Se encontró que dos especies de moscas decapitadoras Pseudacteon se han dispersado hasta las Bahamas. Se discute la utilización de las Islas del Caribe para a liberación, el establecimiento y la evaluación del impacto de enemigos naturales de S. invicta.
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