Physical post-harvest techniques as potential quarantine treatments against Brevipalpus yothersi (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae)
Keywords:
citrus leprosis virus, CiLV, mite reduction, infested citrusAbstract
Brevipalpus mites (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) carrying citrus leprosis virus are considered serious quarantine pests. The objective of this research was to clarify the effectiveness of commonly used fruit cleaners, soaps, waxes, and mechanical brushing techniques (alone and in combination) on removal and/or mortality of mites (percentage of density reduction) from infested citrus fruits. Six bioassays were conducted with infested lemons, Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Sapindales: Rutaceae), using non-virulent Brevipalpus yothersi Baker as a model species. In each bioassay, all stages (eggs, nymphs, and adults) of B. yothersi were recorded before and after treatment. Results indicated that none of the treatments provided 100% reduction of all stages of mites, as would be required for quarantine treatments. In general, mite reduction following single treatments (soap rinse, brushing, or waxing alone) was not significantly different from reduction obtained with a water drench control. However, several combination treatments were successful in achieving ~90% reduction of mites, particularly those that included application of a food-grade wax coating. Therefore, a combination of treatments, including a soap wash and mechanical brushing followed by a wax coating, may be the most effective method to achieve significant reduction of all stages of Brevipalpus mites from infested citrus.
Resumen
Especímenes de Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) que sean vectores de la leprosis de los cítricos se consideran plagas cuarentenarias. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el de clarificar la efectividad de substancias utilizadas para limpiar la fruta como jabones, ceras y técnicas como el cepillado mecánico de los frutos (utilizadas singularmente o en combinación) sobre la remoción o mortalidad causada en los ácaros infestando frutos de cítricos. Se hicieron seis bioensayos probando los tratamientos mencionados antes en limón Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. (Sapindales: Rutaceae), usando, Brevipalpus yothersi Baker no-virulento como especie modelo. En cada bioensayo todos los estados (huevos, estados inmaduros y adultos) de B. yothersi infestando limones, fueron evaluados antes y después de tratamiento. Los resultados indicaron que ninguno de los tratamientos causaba el 100% de reducción de todos los estados de los ácaros, lo cual es requerido en tratamientos de cuarentena. En general, la reducción de ácaros después de un solo tratamiento (jabones, limpiadores, cepillado o encerado solo) no fue significativamente diferente del testigo representado por la inmersión de los limones en agua. Sin embargo, la combinación de varios tratamientos resultó en ~90% de reducción de ácaros, particularmente cuando estos incluían la aplicación de ceras utilizadas para recubrir la fruta. En consecuencia, la combinación de tratamientos incluyendo una solución jabonosa, cepillado mecánico, seguido por en encerado de la fruta, podría ser el tratamiento más efectivo para alcanzar la reducción significativa de todos los estados de ácaros Brevipalpus cuando estos están infestando cítricos.
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