[Supplementary Material] Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Two Clades of Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in China

Authors

  • Hong-Xu Zhou Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
  • Rui-Ming Zhang Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
  • Dong Guo Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
  • Yun-Li Tao Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
  • Fang-Hao Wan State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
  • Qiang Wu State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
  • Dong Chu Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China

Keywords:

Aphelinus mali, microsatellite, bridgehead effect, genetic diversity, hybridization, gene flow

Abstract

Our prior research revealed that there are 2 mitochondrial clades of Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in China, which are known as SD clade and LN clade. To further reveal their genetic characteristics and to determine the degrees of hybridization and gene flow between the 2 clades of A. mali in China, we analyzed the genetic diversities and genetic structures of 16 populations from 6 provinces (Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Yunnan) using 8 microsatellite loci. Our results showed that among the pure populations in the SD and LN clades, the greatest genetic diversities were found in the Qingdao, Shandong (QD) population and in the Dalian, Liaoning (DL) population. QD was the first population of the SD clade to be established, and DL was the first population of the LN clade to be established. In addition, genetic diversity was not substantially lower - and in some cases it was greater - in mixed-clade populations than in QD and DL. Individuals within each mitochondrial clade could not be differentiated based on microsatellite loci. Our data confirmed that the QD and DL populations, which were the first to be established in China, have served as bridgeheads for the other SD and LN populations in China. The results demonstrated that the hybridization or gene flow has occurred between the 2 mitochondrial clades.

 

Nuestra investigación previa reveló que hay 2 clados mitocondriales de Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) en China, que se conocen como los clados SD y LN. Para revelar aún más sus características genéticas y determinar el grado de hibridación y el flujo de genes entre los 2 clados de A. mali en China, se analizó la diversidad y estructura genética de 16 poblaciones en 6 provincias (Shandong, Liaoning Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang, y Yunnan) usando 8 loci de microsatélites. Nuestros resultados mostraron que entre las poblaciones puras en los clados SD y LN, la mayor diversidad genética fue encontrada en la población de Qingdao (QD) y en la población de Dalian, Liaoning (DL). La primera población del clado SD que se estableció fue QD y DL fue la primera población del clado LN que se estableció. Además, la diversidad genética no fue sustancialmente menor, y en algunos casos fue mayor en poblaciones mixtas de los dos clados que en QD y DL. Los individuos dentro de cada clado mitocondrial no podían ser diferenciados en base a loci de microsatélites. Nuestros datos confirman que las poblaciones de QD y DL, que fueron los primeros en establecerse en China, han servido como una cabecera de puente para las otras poblaciones de SD y LN en China. Los resultados demostraron que la hibridación o el flujo de genes ha sucedido entre los 2 clados mitocondriales.

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Published

2014-06-21

Issue

Vol. 97, No. 2 (June 2014)

Section

Research Papers

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