Molecular Detection of Nosema apis and N. ceranae from Southwestern and South Central USA Feral Africanized and European Honey Bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Keywords:
honey bee, molecular diagnostics, NosemaAbstract
A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) molecular diagnostic survey for the honey bee pathogens Nosema apis Zander and N. ceranae Fries was conducted on feral Africanized honey bee (AHB) and European honey bee (EHB), Apis mellifera L., populations sampled from Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Utah, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of a 220 bp small subunit (SSU) marker was conducted on 517 samples, consisting of 245 AHB and 272 EHB individuals. A total of 43 samples (8.3%) were positive for Nosema; of these, 82.1% were N. ceranae, and the remainder were N. apis. No mixed samples were observed. For the AHB samples, Nosema was detected in 9.0% of the samples with 89.5% of the Nosema identified as N. ceranae, and 10.5% as N. apis. With the EHB samples, 7.7% had Nosema; 75.0% of these with N. ceranae, and 25.0% with N. apis. No significant difference was observed between AHB and EHB feral samples for occurrence of each Nosema species and prevalence of Nosema infection. Among the AHB samples, Nosema was more common in Utah and Texas than in New Mexico and Oklahoma. Nosema infection rates for feral honey bees was considerably lower than levels observed with managed honey bees in studies from New York, South Dakota, and Virginia.
Se realizo un sondeo diagnostico molecular de la reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) para los patogenos de las abejas de miel Nosema apis Zander y N. ceranae Fries en las abejas de miel, Apis mellifera L, Africanizadas (AMA) salvajes y Europeas (AME), en poblaciones muestreadas de Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Utah, Oklahoma y Nuevo Mexico. Se realizo un analisis de la reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa de los fragmentos de restriccion de longitud polimorfica (PCR- RFLP) de una subunidad pequena (USP) de un marcador de 220 pb en 517 muestras, que contenia 245 individuos de AMA y 272 de AME. Un total de 43 muestras (8.3%) fueron positivas para Nosema, de estas 82.1% fue N. ceranae, y el resto fue N. apis. No se observaron muestras mixtas. Se detecto Nosema en 9.0% de las muestras de AMA, con el 89.5% de la Nosema identificada como N. ceranae y el 10.5% como N. apis. Con las muestras de AME, el 7.7% tenian Nosema; el 75.0% de estas fue N. ceranae, y el 25.0% fue N. apis. No se observo ninguna diferencia significativa entre las muestras de las abejas salvajes de AMA y AME para la ocurrencia de cada especie de Nosema y la prevalencia de la infeccion por Nosema. Entre las muestras de AMA, el Nosema fue mas comun en Utah y Texas que en Nuevo Mexico y Oklahoma. La tasa de infeccion por Nosema en las abejas salvajes fueron considerablemente menor que los niveles observados en las abejas manejadas en los estudios de Nueva York, Dakota del Sur y Virginia.
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