Worldwide Spread of the Lesser Sneaking Ant, Cardiocondyla minutior (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Keywords:
biogeography, biological invasion, exotic species, invasive species, island faunaAbstract
Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ants are small and inconspicuous species. All Cardiocondyla are native to the Old World, but 5 species have been broadly dispersed through human commerce, achieving widespread distributions in both the Old World and the New World. Here I examine the worldwide spread of Cardiocondyla minutior. I compiled published and unpublished C. minutior specimen records from > 300 sites. I documented the earliest known C. minutior records for 56 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major Caribbean islands, and US states), including several for which I found no previously published records: Austral Islands, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Îles Éparses, Jamaica, Madagascar, and Mayotte. Cardiocondyla minutior appears to be originally from the Indo-Malayan region, where all its closest relatives are found. Surprisingly, there are few records of C. minutior from this region. Instead, most Old World records of C. minutior come from Pacific and Indian Ocean islands where there are few or no native ants, e.g., the Chagos Archipelago, Hawaii, Îles Éparses, Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the Seychelles, and the Society Islands. Cardiocondyla minutior is becoming widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World. The success of Cardiocondyla species in exotic locales may be due, in part, to their ability to co-exist with dominant invasive ants, such as the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile.
Las hormigas del género Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) son especies pequeñas y poco visibles. Todas las Cardiocondyla son nativas al Viego Mundo, pero 5 especies se han dispersado ampliamente a través del comercio por humanos, obteniendo una amplia distribución tanto en el Viejo Mundo como el Nuevo Mundo. Aquí examiné la dispersión mundial de Cardiocondyla minutior. He compilado registros publicados y no publicados de especímenes de C. minutior en mas de 300 sitios. He documentado los primeros registros conocidos de C. minutior para 56 áreas geográficas (países, grupos de islas, las principales islas del Caribe, y los estados de Estados Unidos ), incluyendo varios para los cuales no he encontrado registros publicados previamente: Islas Australes, Barbados, Cuba, República Dominicana, Grenada, Honduras, Îles Éparses, Jamaica, Madagascar y Mayotte. Cardiocondyla minutior parece ser originario de la región Indo- Malaya, donde se encuentran todas sus especies relativas más cercanas. La variación morfológica en los especímenes de C. minutior procedentes de Sri Lanka, Okinawa, India, Nepal y de los obtenidos en el resto del mundo provee más evidencia que C. minutior es nativa del Sur de Asia. Sorprendentemente, hay pocos registros de C. minutior de esta región. En cambio, la mayoría de los registros del Viejo Mundo de C. minutior provienen de las islas del Océano Pacífico e Índico, donde hay pocas o ningúna hormiga nativa, por ejemplo, el archipiélago de Chagos, Hawaii, Îles Éparses, Isla de Pascua, las Islas Marquesas, las Seychelles, y las Islas de la Sociedad. Cardiocondyla minutior se está dispersando ampliamente en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del Nuevo Mundo. El éxito de las especies Cardiocondyla en lugares exóticos puede ser debido, en parte, a su capacidad para coexistir con las hormigas invasoras dominantes, como la hormiga argentina, Linepithema humile.
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