Effect of Soil Moisture on the Persistence and Efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae
Keywords:
entomopathogenic nematodes, fruit flies, infectivity, microbial controlAbstract
The efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) infective juveniles (IJs) was evaluated against third instar Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) under laboratory conditions in a sandy clay soil at various levels of soil moisture. Three experiments were performed in which the efficacy of the IJs against A. ludens was estimated, i.e., (a) at 6 different levels of soil moisture, (b) in soil that was allowed to lose moisture over a 15 day period, and (c) in soil with an initial moisture content of 16% and in which moisture loss was partially mitigated by adding water at 5-day intervals. In the first experiment, the greatest A. ludens mortality (80%) was observed in soil with 18% moisture (-63.1 bars), although this was not significantly greater than A. ludens mortality at 21% moisture (-20.4 bars). At 24% soil moisture (-7.70 bars), percentage of mortality of A. ludens declined to about 50%. Likewise insect mortality was substantially lower at soil moisture levels of 15% (-240.1 bars) and 12% (-1,232 bars) and very much lower (about 16%) at 9% soil moisture (-10,147 bars). In the second experiment, as soil moisture declined from 16% to less than 10% over a 15 day period, the infectivity of IJs, as indicated by A. ludens larval mortality, progressively declined from more than 55% to less than 10%. In the third experiment, in which moisture loss was partially mitigated by adding water at 5-day intervals, the decline in infectivity of IJs was gradual up to 21 days, but decreased thereafter. We conclude that soil moisture levels must be carefully considered when applying H. bacteriophora IJs to control A. ludens under field conditions, because soil moisture has a marked effect on the efficacy of IJs for the biological control of this pest.La capacidad infectiva de los juveniles infectivos (JIs) del nemátodo H. bacteriophora (Poinar) fue evaluada contra larvas de tercer estadio de Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), bajo condiciones de laboratorio, utilizando suelo con textura areno-arcillosa con diferentes porcentajes de humedad. El estudio consistió de tres experimentos, donde se midió la efectividad de los juveniles infectivos (JIs): 1) probando seis diferentes niveles de humedad en el suelo; 2) en suelo con pérdida constante de humedad, durante 15 días; y 3) en suelo con 16% de humedad inicial y rehidratación cada cinco días. En el primer experimento se observó la mayor infección en suelo con 18% de humedad (-63.1 bars), aunque esta mortalidad no fue significativamente mayor a 21% de humedad (-20.4 bars). Con un suelo a 24% de humedad (-7.70 bars), el porcentaje de mortalidad de A. ludens disminuyó a cerca de 50%. De la misma forma, la mortalidad larval disminuyó significativamente en suelos con 15% y 12% de humedad (-240.1 y -1,232 bars, respectivamente), decreciendo aún más (16% de mortalidad) a 9% de humedad (-10,147 bars). En el segundo experimento se observó que a medida que la humedad del suelo decreció desde 16% hasta menos del 10% durante un período de 15 días, la infectividad de los JIs, expresada en mortalidad larval de A. ludens, disminuyó progresivamente desde más del 55% hasta menos del 10%. En el tercer experimento, la reposición periódica de la humedad permitió incrementar el período de infectividad de los JIs hasta los 21 días post-aplicación, pero después la infectividad de los JIs también fue disminuyendo. En conclusión, la humedad del suelo es un factor importante que debe ser considerado para mantener la infectividad de los JIs de H. bacteriophora como agentes de control biológico de dicha plaga.
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