Some Life History Traits and Diet Selection in Philomycus carolinianus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Philomycidae)
Keywords:
Carolina mantleslug, terrestrial molluscs, growth, development, diets, bet-hedging, hermaphroditismAbstract
Phylomycus carolinianus (Bosc, 1902), (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Philomycidae) also known as Carolina mantleslug, is a widespread but poorly known terrestrial mollusc. We conducted studies to assess key aspects of its natural history. In the laboratory, its pattern of growth followed a sigmoid curve, but the growth rate was highly variable. Using a hierarchical clustering analysis of time to achieve reproductive maturity, the individual slugs could be separated into 4 discrete developmental groups: fast, intermediate, and slow-growing individuals, and also some that failed to develop completely. The 3 groups of developing slugs achieved reproductive maturity in about 129, 173, and 217 days, respectively. This developmental polymorphism suggests intra-generation risk-spreading. Reared alone or in pairs, slugs produced eggs in about 6 months; eggs numbered about 65 per cluster, though paired slugs produced slightly more eggs per cluster. Thus, these hermaphroditic slugs are capable of self-fertilization. Eggs hatched in about 3 weeks. Embryonic development occurred across the entire temperature range (10-29°C) tested. The proportion of embryos developing was higher at 10, 14, 17 and 21°C than at 25 and 29°C. However, the embryos that developed at 10 and 29°C did not hatch. Eggs incubated at 14°C had the longest pre-hatching period, with those held at 25°C the shortest. Synthetic gypsy moth and spruce budworm diets, and white mushrooms, all favored weight retention by adult slugs more than some natural diets tested, though mature slugs fed several diets produced eggs. Culture conditions of 21°C and either gypsy moth or spruce budworm diet seemed optimal for growth and survival. Nearly all of the 51 mushroom species (representing 18 families) presented to slugs were eaten, though some much more readily than others. Except for Romaine lettuce, none of the foliage from 37 green plants offered were accepted as food.
Phylomycus carolinianus (Bosc, 1902), (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Philomycidae) también conocido como la babosa del manto de Carolina, es un molusco terrestre ampliamente distribuido pero poco conocido. En el laboratorio, su patrón de crecimiento siguió una curva sigmoidea, pero la tasa de crecimiento fue muy variable. Utilizando un análisis de agrupación jerárquica del tiempo para alcanzar la madurez reproductiva, los individuos de babosas podrían ser separados en 4 grupos distintos de desarrollo: Individuos que crecen rápido, intermedio y lento, y los que no se desarrollan. Los 3 grupos de babosas en desarrollo alcanzaron la madurez reproductiva en aproximadamente 129, 173 y 217 días, respectivamente. Este polimorfismo en el desarrollo sugiere un reparto de riesgo intra-generacional. Criados solitarios o en parejas, las babosas producieron los huevos en unos 6 meses, con unos 65 huevos por grupo de huevos, aunque las babosas pareadas producen ligeramente más huevos por grupo. Por lo tanto, estas babosas hemafroditas son capaces de auto- fertilización. Los huevos eclosionaron en aproximadamente 3 semanas. El desarrollo embrionario sucedio a través de todo el rango de las temperaturas (10-29°C) probadas. La proporción de embriones en desarrollo fue mayor a los 10, 14, 17 y 21°C que a los 25 y 29°C. Sin embargo, los embriones que se desarrollaron a los 10 y 29°C no eclosionaron. Los huevos incubados a los 14°C presentaron el período de pre-incubación más largo, con los mantenidos a los 25°C el periodo más corto. Las dietas sintéticas de la polilla gitana y el gusano de brote de picea, y champiñones blancos, favorecieron la retención del peso de las babosas adultas más que algunas dietas naturales probadas, aunque babosas maduras alimentadas con varias dietas produjeron huevos. Casi todas las especies de champiñones que se presentaron a las babosas fueron consumidos, aunque algunos mucho más fácilmente que otros. Con la excepción de la lechuga romana, las plantas verdes no fueron aceptadas como alimento.
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