Comparison of the Brown Sugar, Hot Water, and Salt Methods for Detecting Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae in Sweet Cherry
Keywords:
western cherry fruit fly, brown sugar flotation, salt flotation, larval instarsAbstract
Brown sugar and hot water methods have been developed to detect larvae of tephritid fruit flies post-harvest in fruit in order to maintain quarantine security. It would be useful to determine if modifications of these methods can yield better results and if less expensive alternatives exist. This study reports detection rates of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae separated from crushed sweet cherries (Prunus avium [L.] L.) by brown sugar flotation versus hot water and sodium chloride (salt) flotation methods. Cherries were crushed and shredded by a standard cherry crusher and submerged either in brown sugar solution, hot water, or salt solution. In sugar and salt solutions, extracted larvae floated, whereas in hot water they sank; and in all 3 visual inspections for larvae were made. The brown sugar flotation method detected more total larvae than the hot water method when using a clear dish or black pan after cherries were shredded through a 2-mm gap in a cherry crusher, resulting in 95, 85, and 85% detections, respectively. Brown sugar and salt flotation methods resulted in similar detection rates of 85-99% after cherries were shredded through either a 2- or 5-mm gap, even though the 2-mm gap resulted in greater shredding. In brown sugar, hot water, and salt solutions, 26-88% of first instars (when there were at least 8 individuals) were detected versus 77-100% of second and third instars. Results demonstrate that salt and brown sugar solutions are equally efficacious for detecting larvae of R. indifferens separated from crushed cherries. Salt solution is advantageous over brown sugar solution because it is less expensive. Should salt solution be used for detecting larval spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii [Matsumura]) in cherries, current results show that it would not compromise detection of R. indifferens.
Se han desarrollado metodos utilizando el azucar moreno y agua caliente para detectar larvas de moscas de la fruta tefritidas en frutas pos-cosechadas con el fin de mantener la seguridad de cuarentena. Seria util para determinar si las modificaciones de estos metodos pueden producir mejores resultados y si existen alternativas de menos costo. Este estudio reporta las tasas de deteccion de larvas de Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) separadas de cerezas dulces aplastadas (Prunus avium [L.] L.) por medio de los metodos de flotacion utilizando azucar moreno y utilizando agua caliente y cloruro de sodio (sal). Las cerezas fueron aplastadas y trituradas por una trituradora de cereza estandar y fueron sumergidas en una solucion de azucar morena, agua caliente o solucion salina. En soluciones de azucar y sal, las larvas extraidas flotaban, mientras que en el agua caliente se hundian, por lo que un total de 3 inspecciones visuales fueron hechas para las larvas. El metodo de flotacion de azucar moreno detecto mas larvas en total que el metodo de agua caliente cuando se utiliza un plato transparente u olla negra despues de que las cerezas fueron trituradas a traves de un hueco de 2 mm en una trituradora de cereza, que detecto el 95, 85 y 85%, respectivamente. Los metodos de flotacion utilizando azucar moreno o sal resultaron en la deteccion de tasas similares del 85-9 % despues de que las cerezas fueron triturados a traves de un hueco de 2-5 mm, a pesar de que la brecha de 2 mm resulto en una mayor trituracion. En las soluciones de azucar morena, agua caliente y de sal, el 26-88% de los primeros estadios (cuando habia por lo menos 8 individuos) fueron detectados comparado con un 77-100% para el segundo y tercer estadios. Los resultados demuestran que las soluciones de sal y del azucar morena son igualmente eficaces para detectar larvas de R. indifferens separadas de cerezas trituradas. La solucion salina es ventajosa con respecto a la solucion de azucar marron, ya que es menos cara. En caso que la solucion de sal sea utilizada para detectar larvas de la Drosophila con alas manchadas (Drosophila suzukii [Matsumura]) en cerezas, los resultados actuales muestran que no pondria en peligro la deteccion de R. indifferens.
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