Two Putative Bridgehead Populations of Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Introduced in China as Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Marker
Keywords:
Aphelinus mali, mitochondrial COI gene, bridgehead populationAbstract
In China, Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was independently introduced as an endoparasitoid of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Japan in 1942 and from the former Soviet Union during 1953-1955. However, we do not know which introduction of this endoparasitoid plays important role in the control of E. lanigerum in China. To determine the status of this biological control agent in China, we collected 16 populations from 6 provinces (Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang and Yunnan) and analyzed the 948 mtCOI gene from specimens in these samples. The results revealed that the A. mali in China consisted of 2 cryptic mitochondrial clades including 3 haplotypes, which indicated at least 2 independent introductions of the parasitoid into China. Our results showed that each of the populations that had been introduced into Shandong and Liaoning, respectively, had also established in many regions of China , where they play an important role in the control of E. lanigerum. Therefore it is very likely that both original introductions have served as bridgeheads to establish other populations in China. Genetic analyses together with field surveys should be helpful in the management of the woolly apple aphid.
En China, Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) fue introducido independientemente como un ectoparasitoide del pulgón lanígero del manzano Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) de la antigua Unión Soviética durante 1953-1955 y de Japón en 1942. Sin embargo, no se sabe cuál de estas introducciones del ectoparasitoide juega un papel importante en el control de E. lanigerum en China. Para determinar el estado de este controlador biologico en China, se colectaron 16 poblaciones en seis provincias (Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang, y Yunnan) y se analizó el gen 948 COI mitocondrial de los especímenes colectados. Los resultados mostraron que en China hay 2 grupos mitocondriales crípticos que incluyen 3 haplotipos de A. mali, lo que suguiere que existieron dos introducciones independientes en China. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las dos poblaciones originalmente introducidas en Shandong y Liaoning se pueden establecer en varias regiones en China y jugar un papel importante en el control de E. lanigerum. Por consiguiente, las dos introducciones iniciales pueden haber servido como cabeza de puente para el establecimiento de otras poblaciones en China. Análisis genéticos y estudios de campo serán útiles en el manejo del pulgón lanígero del manzano.
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