Red Widow Spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) Prey Extensively on Scarab Beetles Endemic in Florida Scrub
Keywords:
Latrodectus, predation, prey selection, endemism, conservation biologyAbstract
The red widow spider, Latrodectus bishopi Kaston, is a species of conservation concern because it is narrowly endemic to threatened palmetto scrub found only on ancient sand ridges in peninsular Florida. We hypothesized that this spider might feed extensively on insects that also are scrub specialists. To ascertain the prey of red widow spiders, we collected arthropods trapped in webs of adult females (n = 30 per season) located in native oak-palmetto scrub at the Archbold Biological Station after dawn and before dusk for 5 consecutive days in early spring (Mar 1989) and in late spring (May 2003). We identifed a total of 42 species among the 98 specimens collected. Using published regression equations, we converted the size of each specimen to dry mass. We found that 5 species of scarab beetles endemic to Florida scrub accounted for 65% of prey by weight even though their numbers were modest (22% of prey items). In early spring red widow spiders fed predominantly on nocturnally captured coleopterans (78% of prey items), but in late spring when palmetto flowers were blooming near webs day-active hymenopterans were added to the diet. Frequency analysis showed that temporal patterns of prey capture by individual spiders were infrequent (≤ 0.4 prey per day) and statistically random.
Para determinar las presas de la araña viuda roja, Latrodectus bishopi Kaston, recolectamos los artrópodos atrapados en las redes de las hembras adultas (n = 30 por estación), ubicadas en los matorral de robles y palma Sabal nativos en la Estación Biológica Archbold después del amanecer y antes del anochecer para 5 días consecutivos días a principios de primavera (marzo de 1989) y en el final de la primavera (mayo de 2003). Identificamos un total de 42 especies, entre las 98 muestras recolectadas. Utilizando las ecuaciones de regresión publicadas, convertimos el tamaño de cada muestra a la masa seca. Se encontró que 5 especies de coleópteros endémicos del matorral Florida representaron el 65% de las presas en peso a pesar de que sus números fueron modestos (22% de las presas). A principios de la primavera las viudas rojas se alimentan predominantemente de coleópteros capturados en la noche (78% de las presas), pero al final de la primavera, cuando las flores de la palma Sabal se florecían cerca de las redes, se han añadido a la dieta los himenópteros activos durante el día. El análisis de frecuencias mostró que los patrones temporales de la captura de la presa de arañas individuales fueron poco frecuentes (≤ 0.4 presas por día) y estadísticamente al azar.
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