Biology, Host Preferences, and Potential Distribution of Calophya terebinthifolii (Hemiptera: Calophyidae), a Candidate for Biological Control of Brazilian Peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia, in Florida
Abstract
Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), a perennial woody plant native to Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, has become one of the most invasive weeds in Florida. A leaflet pit galling psyllid, Calophya terebinthifolii Burckhardt & Basset (Hemiptera: Calophyidae), has been identified as a potential biological control agent for Brazilian peppertree. However, biological information on the psyllid, including its life history, rearing procedures and potential distribution, is lacking. This type of information is essential when importing an insect for biological control purposes. From May–Aug 2009, field and laboratory research was conducted in Gaspar, Santa Catarina, Brazil with psyllids collected from the Atlantic coastal region of Santa Catarina. Laboratory studies on the psyllid in Brazil focused on: female fecundity (55.3 ± 8.9 eggs/female), the number and size of the immature stages, age-specific survivorship, and mean generation time (43.7 ± 1.2 days). Preliminary evidence from feeding trials suggests this psyllid from the Atlantic coastal region of Santa Catarina is locally adapted to Brazilian peppertree plants of haplotype A, which is one of the genetic types that invaded Florida. Ecological niche modelling with MaxEnt confirmed there was climatic overlap between Florida and the native range of the psyllid in South America. Using collection and survey locations of the psyllid in its native range and point locations for haplotype A plants in Florida, a map was created that predicted Volusia, coastal Pasco and Hernando counties, and a small section of southwestern Polk county as suitable locations for establishment of the psyllid if it is approved for release as a biocontrol agent.Brazillian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), un árbol perenne nativo de Brasil, Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay, es una de las plantas más invasoras en la Florida. El psílido formador de agallas en las hojas, Calyophya terebinthifolii Burckhardt & Basset (Hemiptera: Calophyidae), ha sido identificado como un agente potencial de control biologico de Brazillian peppertree. Sin embargo, información biológica sobre el psílido, incluyendo su historial de vida, procedimientos de crianza y distribución potencial no existe. Este tipo de información es esencial cuando se importa un insecto con propósitus de control biológico. De mayo a agosto del 2009, investigaciones de campo y en laboratorio fueron llevadas a cabo en Gaspar, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil con insectos colectados en la región costera atlántica de Santa Catarina. Los estudios de laboratorio con el psilido en Brasil se concentraron en la fecundidad de las hembras (55.3 ± 8.9 huevos/hembra), el número y tamaño de los estadíos inmaduros, sobrevivencia a diferentes edades, y duración promedio de una generación (43.7 ± 67 1.2 días). Resultados preliminares de los ensayos de alimentación indican que los psílidos originarios de la región costera atlántica de Santa Catarina están adaptados localmente a plantas de Brazillian peppertree haplotipo A, el cual es uno de los tipos genéticos que ha invadido la Florida. El modelo de nicho ecológico utilizando ‘MaxEnt’ confirmó que existe una similaridad climática entre la Florida y el rango nativo del insecto en América del Sur. Utilizando los datos de las localidades donde se colectó el insecto en su rango nativo y las localidades del haplotipo A en la Florida, se generó un mapa que predijo el condado de Volusia, la región costera de Pasco, el condado de Hernando, y una pequeña sección del suroeste del condado de Polk como localidades adecuadas para el establecimiento del psílido si éste llega a ser aprobado para ser liberado como agente de control biológico.
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