Entomofauna Associated with Heliconia spp. (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) Grown in the Central Area of Colombia
Abstract
We conducted a survey of insects and pest management practices on 40 farms growing Heliconia spp. and other Zingiberales in the central coffee region of Colombia in 2006 and 2007. Most farmers (87%) were concerned about insect pests in the plantation and 90% used broad-spectrum insecticides (chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, acephate and malathion) at least monthly. Fewer (approximately one third) used biological or cultural control practices. In total insects from 13 orders and 99 families were collected from Heliconia farms. The most abundant orders were Diptera (23 families), Hemiptera (22 families), Hymenoptera (14 families), Coleoptera (13 families), and Lepidoptera (7 families). The most common phytophagous species were hispine beetles (Chrysomelidae), scales (Coccidae: Ceroplastes sp., Saissetia sp.), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), stinkbugs (Pentatomidae), squash bugs (Coreidae) and leaf cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex spp.). Other insects such as Metamasius and Pandeleteius weevils were found on the rhizome or pseudostem. Beneficial insects collected included several predatory families (Coccinelidae, Chrysopidae and Reduviidae) but only low numbers of parasitoids (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae and Stephanidae). A range of insects occurred in empty and water-filled bracts of inflorescences notably flower feeding or detritivorous Diptera (Chironomidae, Drosophilidae, Richardiidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae and Ulidiidae). Our survey suggests many new insect host associations for Heliconia. The use of broad-spectrum insecticides may not be the best long term strategy for insect pest management in Heliconia due to adverse risks to human and environmental health.Una encuesta sobre las prácticas de manejo de insectos plagas fue conducida en 40 fincas productoras de Heliconias y otras Zingiberales en la región central cafetera de Colombia durante 2006 y 2007. La mayoría de los productores (87%) estaban preocupados por los insectos plagas en las plantaciones y el 90% usaban gran espectro de insecticidas (Clorpiriphos, carbofuran, acephato, y malatión) al menos una ves al mes. Pocos, (aproximadamente una tercera parte) utilizaba controles biológicos o realizaba practicas de control cultural. En total, insectos de 13 órdenes y 99 familias fueron colectados de fincas productoras de Heliconias. Los ordenes mas abundantes fueron Hemíptero (23 familias), Coleóptero (13 familias), Díptera (24 familias), Himenóptera (15 familias) y Lepidóptero (7 familias). Las especies mas comunes de fitófagos fueron cucarrones (Chrysomelidae), scamas (Coccidae: Ceroplastes sp., Saissetia sp.), saltadores de hojas (Cicadellidae), chinches apestosos (Pentatomidae), chinches (Coreides) y hormigas cortadores de hojas (Atta y Acromyrmex spp.). Otros insectos picudos como Methamasius y Pandeleteius fueron encontrados en rizomas o en seudo tallos. Los Insectos benéficos colectados incluyen varias familias de predadores (Coccinelidae, Chrysopidae y Reduviidae) pero un bajo número de parasitoides (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae y Stephanidae). Un rango de insectos también fue presentado en las braceas vacidas o llenas de agua de las inflorescencias, especialmente alimentadores de flores o larvas detritivoras de Díptera (Chironomidae, Drosophilidae, Richardiidae, Syrphydae, Tephritidae y Ulidiidae). Nuestro muestreo documenta muchos nuevos insectos hospederos asociados con Heliconia. El uso de un amplio espectro de insecticidas puede no ser la mejor estrategia a largo plazo para el manejo de insectos plagas en Heliconia debido a sus riesgos adversos en humanos y en la salud ambiental.
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