Field evaluation of attract-and-kill devices for control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in urban landscapes
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae), vector of huanglongbing, is uncontrolled in urban and unmanaged citrus refugia, from where psyllids can infest commercial groves. Attract-and-kill devices (AKDs) may be a practical tool for controlling D. citri in these areas. We tested 2 AKDs, the yellow perforated cylinder AKD and the black screen AKD in which the killing agents (yellow sticky card traps) were placed inside the devices to prevent contact by non-target organisms. Experiments were conducted in laboratory cage bioassays and in an orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata; Rutaceae) hedge. Two scent attractant mixtures (myrcene, gamma-terpinene, and acetic acid; acetic and formic acid) were sprayed onto the yellow sticky card traps as a means of increasing the attractiveness of the AKDs. Despite promising results in laboratory assays, neither scent increased psyllid capture in the AKDs under field conditions. Enlarging the diameter of the entry holes (from 6 to 20 mm) in the yellow perforated cylinder AKD increased psyllid capture but also permitted entry by small reptiles. Unscented black screen AKDs caught over twice as many psyllids as unscented yellow perforated cylinder AKDs, but still caught juvenile reptiles. These AKDs were highly effective in tracking psyllid populations in the hedge. Once adjustments to reduce non-target captures are made, these AKDs should be more acceptable to homeowners and consumers than current insecticidal controls. This acceptance, in turn, could make them a valuable and sustainable tool for area wide management strategies aimed at reducing the spread of huanglongbing.
Resumen
El psílido asiático de los cítricos, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae), un vector del huanglongbing, no está controlado en refugios de cítricos urbanos y en huertos no gestionados, desde donde los psílidos pueden infestar plantaciones comerciales. Los dispositivos para atraer y matar (AKD) pueden ser una herramienta práctica para controlar D. citri en estas áreas. Probamos 2 AKD, un AKD con cilindro perforado amarillo y un AKD con pantalla negra en el que los agentes letales (trampas de tarjetas adhesivas amarillas) se colocaron dentro de los dispositivos para evitar el contacto con organismos que no son objetivo. Se realizaron los experimentos en bioensayos de laboratorio en jaulas y en un cerco de jazmín naranja (Murraya paniculata; Rutaceae). Se rociaron dos mezclas de atrayentes aromáticos (mirceno, gamma-terpineno y ácido acético; ácido acético y fórmico) sobre las trampas de tarjetas adhesivas amarillas como una forma de aumentar el atractivo de los AKD. A pesar de los resultados prometedores en los ensayos de laboratorio, ninguno de los olores aumentó la captura de psílidos en los AKD en condiciones de campo. Al ampliar el diámetro de los orificios de entrada (de 6 a 20 mm) en el cilindro perforado amarillo AKD aumentó la captura de psílidos pero también permitió la entrada de pequeños reptiles. Los AKD de pantalla negra sin olores capturaron más del doble de psílidos que el cilindro perforado amarillo AKD sin olores, pero aun así capturaron reptiles juveniles. Estos AKD fueron muy eficaces para rastrear las poblaciones de psílidos en el cerco de jazmín naranja. Una vez que se realicen ajustes para reducir las capturas no objetivo, estos AKD deberían ser más aceptables para los propietarios y consumidores que los controles insecticidas actuales. Esta aceptación, a su vez, podría convertirlos en una herramienta valiosa y sostenible para estrategias de manejo de toda la zona destinadas a reducir la propagación del huanglongbing.
Key Words: autodisseminator; biological control; citrus; Diaphorina citri; Murraya paniculata; sustainable agriculture
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