Effect of tenthredinid leaf miner invasions on growth of Alaska white birch in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and the interaction with biological control of amber-marked birch leaf miner
Abstract
The amber-marked birch leaf miner, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), invaded the Anchorage region in southeastern Alaska, USA, about 1991 and by 1996 caused high levels of mining, resulting in browned foliage annually by Aug during the outbreak years of 1996 to 2007. A biological control program began in 2004 based on the importation of the larval parasitoid Lathrolestes thomsoni Reshchikov (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which previously had suppressed an outbreak of amber-marked birch leaf miner in Alberta, Canada. By 2008, this introduced parasitoid and 2 resident species (native or self-introduced) reduced damage to Alaska white birch by > 50%. In 2020, as a follow up, 100 Alaska white birch in forested parks in Anchorage were cored to see if leaf mining had reduced tree growth during the outbreak and whether biocontrol of amber-marked birch leaf miner allowed tree growth to recover. Compared to 12 yr (1984–1995) before the start of the outbreak, radial growth was suppressed by approximately 16% during the outbreak (1996–2007). During the 11 yr after suppression of damage through biocontrol (2008–2018), tree radial growth of Alaska white birch did not recover, but rather declined further. This pattern may be due to the invasion around 2008 of another birch leaf miner, Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). These findings show that outbreaks of birch leaf miners caused an important drop in growth of Alaska white birch, which has implications for forest productivity and carbon sequestration by birch-dominated forest stands in southeast Alaska.
Resumen
El minador de hojas de abedul de marcado ámbar, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), invadió la región de Anchorage en el sureste de Alaska alrededor de 1991 y en 1996 causó altos niveles de daño, lo que resultó en un brote de follaje dorado anualmente durante agosto desde los años de 1996 hasta el 2007. En el 2004, se inició un programa de control biológico basado en la importación del parasitoide larval Lathrolestes thomsoni Reshchikov (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), que previamente había suprimido un brote de minador de hojas de abedul marcado con ámbar en Alberta, Canadá. Para el 2008, este parasitoide introducido y 2 especies residentes (nativas o autointroducidas) redujeron el daño al abedul blanco de Alaska en > 50%. En el 2020, como seguimiento, se tomaron muestras de 100 abedules blancos de Alaska en parques boscosos en Anchorage para ver si la minería de hojas había reducido el crecimiento de los árboles durante el brote y si el biocontrol del minador de hojas de abedul de marcado ámbar permitió que el crecimiento de los árboles se recuperara. En comparación con los 12 años (1984–1995) antes del comienzo del brote, el crecimiento radial se suprimió en aproximadamente un 16% durante el brote (1996–2007). Durante los 11 años posteriores a la supresión del daño a través del control biológico (2008–2018), el crecimiento radial de los árboles del abedul blanco de Alaska no se recuperó, sino que disminuyó aún más. Este patrón puede deberse a la invasión alrededor del 2008 de otro minador de hojas de abedul, Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Estos hallazgos muestran que los brotes de minadores de hojas de abedul causaron una caída importante en el crecimiento del abedul blanco de Alaska, lo que tiene implicaciones para la productividad forestal y el secuestro de carbono por parte de los bosques dominados por abedules en el sureste de Alaska.
Key Words: invasive birch leaf miners; tree growth; biocontrol; parasitoid; carbon sequestration; forest pest invasion
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Supplementary material for this article in Florida Entomologist 106.2 (June 2023) is online at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse
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