Quantifying insect predation in laboratory arenas: the effect of prey acclimation
Abstract
There are drawbacks associated with current methods used to quantify insect predation. However, there has been relatively little effort to experimentally document the sources of biases associated with different methodologies. In this study, we investigated how methods used experimentally to quantify predation may influence insect antipredator defenses being observed, and thus alter the determination of the number of prey killed by predators, and potentially the conclusions reported in the study. We focused on acclimation period, which represents the time between the point at which a prey individual is made available, for example on a leaf, and when the experiment is initiated. In essence, this is the period of time during which an organism adjusts to the conditions that surround it before a treatment is imposed. We investigated if prey acclimation period on plants influences the antipredator behavior of larval Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and the number of prey killed in the laboratory by the predatory wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The results of this study provide evidence that acclimation time significantly affects the antipredator behavior observed and mortality of caterpillars exposed to predators. The majority of larvae allowed short acclimation periods did not drop in response to the attacks of wasps. These larvae suffered significantly higher mortality compared to caterpillars that were allowed to acclimate for longer periods of time.
Resumen
Existen inconvenientes asociados con los métodos utilizados actualmente para cuantificar la depredación de insectos. Sin embargo, ha habido relativamente poco esfuerzo para documentar experimentalmente las fuentes de sesgos asociados con las diferentes metodologías. En este estudio, investigamos cómo los métodos utilizados para cuantificar experimentalmente la depredación pueden influir en las defensas antidepredadoras de insectos y, por lo tanto, alterar el número de presas muertas por los depredadores y potencialmente las conclusiones reportadas en el estudio. Nos centramos en el periodo de aclimatación, que representa el tiempo entre el momento en el que una presa está disponible, por ejemplo, en una hoja, y el inicio del experimento. En esencia, éste es el periodo de tiempo durante el cual un organismo se ajusta a las condiciones que lo rodean antes de que se imponga un tratamiento. Investigamos si el periodo de aclimatación de las presas en las plantas influye en el comportamiento antidepredador de las larvas de Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), y el número de presas muertas por la avispa depredadora Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en el laboratorio. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan evidencia de que el tiempo de aclimatación afecta significativamente el comportamiento antidepredador observado y la mortalidad de las orugas expuestas a los depredadores. La mayoría de las larvas a las que se les permitieron periodos cortos de aclimatación no se tiraron de la hoja en respuesta a los ataques de las avispas. Estas larvas sufrieron una mortalidad significativamente mayor en comparación con las orugas a las que se les permitió aclimatarse durante periodos de tiempo más largos.
Key Words: defensive behavior; herbivore; Lepidoptera; methodology; Orgyia luecostigma; predation risk
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