Food attractants for mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its selectivity for beneficial arthropods
Abstract
Fruit fly control in Uruguay is based mainly on toxic baits which are insufficient to reduce the damage caused by these pests. Therefore, alternative management measures such as mass trapping gain relevance for control of flies. Attractants commercially available were designed mainly for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). However, they also should be attractive to Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in our fruit orchards. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of food-based attractants for the capture of sexually immature females of C. capitata and A. fraterculus, as well as their selectivity on the populations of beneficial arthropods (pollinators, predators, and parasitoids). Seven attractants were evaluated in 3 commercial fruit crops during 2 seasons; 4 commercial attractants (hydrolyzed protein, liquid trimethylamine, trimethylamine diffuser card, and ammonium acetate + putrescine diffuser card), 20% natural Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) juice, 6% sugarcane molasses, and Torula yeast. The attractants were placed in McPhail traps, which were checked each wk and all captured arthropods were removed, counted, and classified. Captured female tephritids were dissected to determine the presence of eggs. All commercial attractants evaluated were effective at capturing sexually immature females of C. capitata in the 3 fruit crops evaluated during both seasons. Hydrolyzed protein, liquid trimethylamine, and trimethylamine diffuser card were effective at capturing young females of both species. Most of the captures are post-harvest, so we suggest not moving traps after commercial harvest. These attractants also were selective, capturing few beneficial arthropods. Sugarcane molasses and pineapple guava juice were not effective at capturing fruit fly females.
Resumen
El control de las moscas de la fruta en Uruguay se basa principalmente en el uso de cebos tóxicos, los cuales han mostrado ser insuficientes para reducir sus daños. Debido a esto, estrategias de control alternativas como el trampeo masivo han tomado mayor relevancia. Los atrayentes disponibles comercialmente fueron diseñados para Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sin embargo, en nuestros cultivos frutales también deberían ser efectivos para Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la eficiencia de diferentes atrayentes alimenticios en la captura de hembras sexualmente inmaduras de C. capitata y A. fraterculus, y su selectividad respecto a las poblaciones de artrópodos benéficos. Siete atrayentes diferentes fueron evaluados en tres cultivos frutícolas comerciales en dos temporadas; cuatro atrayentes comerciales (proteína hidrolizada, trimethylamine líquido, trimethylamine tarjeta difusora, y acetato de amonio + putrescina), jugo natural de Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) al 20%, melaza de caña al 6% y levadura Torula. Los atrayentes se colocaron en trampas McPhail, las que se revisaron semanalmente y todos los artrópodos capturados fueron retirados, contados y clasificados. Las hembras de tefrítidos capturadas fueron disecadas para determinar la presencia de huevos. Los atrayentes comerciales evaluados fueron eficaces en la captura de hembras jóvenes de C. capitata en los tres cultivos frutales evaluados y ambas temporadas. La proteína hidrolizada, el trimethylamine líquido, y la trimethylamine tarjeta difusora fueron efectivos en la captura de hembras jóvenes de ambas especies. La mayoría de las capturas se dieron en el período poscosecha, por lo que sugerimos que las trampas de trampeo masivo no se muevan de los cuadros luego de la cosecha comercial. Estos atrayentes fueron además muy selectivos, capturando pocos artrópodos benéficos. La melaza de caña y el jugo de guayabo no fueron eficaces en la captura de hembras de tefrítidos.
Key words: Ceratitis capitata; Anastrepha fraterculus; food baits; auxiliary entomofauna; citrus fruit trees; deciduous fruit trees
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