Cuticular hydrocarbons of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) as influenced by extraction method, natal host, and age
Abstract
The primary function of cuticular hydrocarbons is to keep insects from losing water. However, cuticular hydrocarbons also may mediate chemical communication in a number of species. In this study, we investigated the effect of the extraction method, natal host, and age (maturation) on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Cuticular hydrocarbons from female and male adults of different natal hosts (Mangifera indica L. or Spondias mombin L. [both Anacardiaceae]) and age were extracted by solvent extraction and direct contact solid-phase microextraction. Cuticular hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In total, we recorded 12 compounds, but only 9 of them were identified. The identified cuticular hydrocarbons were linear alkanes (n-heneicosane, n-nonacosane, and n-hentriacontane), alkenes (n-heneicosene, n-tricosene, n-nonacosene, and n-hentriacontene), and branched alkanes (2-methyl-octacosane and 2-methyl-triacontane). There were no qualitative differences between sampling techniques. The solvent extraction method extracted more cuticular hydrocarbons from flies reared on mango compared to those extracted from flies reared on hog plum. In contrast, solid-phase microextraction extracted a higher concentration of cuticular hydrocarbons from flies reared on hog plum than to those extracted from flies reared on mango. Higher levels of 2-methyl-octacosane and 2-methyl-triacontane were detected with solvent extraction than with solid-phase microextraction; the opposite occurred with hentriacontane and unknown compound 2. The compounds n-heneicosene, n-heneicosane, and n-tricosene were present in mature males but not in mature females; n-nonacosene was found only in the mature flies of both sexes.
Resumen
La función primaria de los hidrocarburos cuticulares es evitar que los insectos pierdan agua. Sin embargo, los hidrocarburos cuticulares también pueden mediar la comunicación química de diversas especies. En este estudio investigamos el efecto del método de extracción, fruto hospedero y la edad (madurez) sobre el perfil de los hidrocarburos cuticulares de la mosca de la fruta de las Indias Occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Los hidrocarburos cuticulares de machos y hembras de diferente hospedero (Manguifera indica L. or Spondias mombin L. [ambos Anacardiaceae]) y edad fueron extraídos con disolvente y con microextracción en fase solida. Los hidrocarburos cuticulares fueron identificados por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. En total, 12 compuestos fueron encontrados, pero solo 9 fueron identificados. Los hidrocarburos cuticulares identificados fueron alcanos lineales (n-heneicosano, n-nonacosano, y n-hentriacontano), alquenos (n-heneicoseno, n-tricoseno, n-nonacoseno, y n-hentriaconteno) y alcanos ramificados (2-methyl-octacosano y 2-metil-triacontano). No se encontraron diferencias cualitativas entre las técnicas de muestreo. El método de extracción con solvente extrajo más hidrocarburos cuticulares de moscas criadas en mango en comparación con las extraídas de moscas criadas en jocote. Por el contrario, microextracción en fase solida extrajo una mayor concentración de hidrocarburos cuticulares de moscas criadas en jocote que de las extraídas de moscas criadas en mango. Los mayores niveles de 2-methyl-octacosano y 2-metil-triacontano fueron detectados con la extracción con disolvente que con microextracción en fase solida; lo opuesto ocurrió con el n-hentriaconteno y el compuesto 2 no identificado. Los compuestos n-heneicoseno, n-heneicosano, y n-tricoseno fueron detectados en machos maduros, pero no en hembras maduras; n-nonacoseno fue encontrado solamente en moscas maduras de ambos sexos.
Key Words: West Indian fruit fly; Spondias mombin; Mangifera indica; solvent extraction; solid-phase microextraction; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
View this article in BioOne https://doi.org/10.1653/024.104.0406
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