Effects of irrigation method on pollination and pollinators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in an open-field tomato crop
Keywords:
Apidae, bees, drip irrigation, tomato flower, species richness, sprinkler irrigationAbstract
Tomato is one of the highest water-demanding crops, and the use of different irrigation systems and different water management strategies may affect crop yield. Despite the fact that tomato is a self-fertilizing (autogamous) plant, research has shown that bees (“buzz pollination”) improve yield and fruit quality. Here, we assess the effect of the irrigation method on bee visitation and pollination on flowers of the tomato crop. The study was conducted from Jul to Oct 2017 in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using 6 plots with 150 tomato plants per plot. Three plots received water by sprinkler irrigation and the other 3 by drip irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Bees were sampled from plants watered with both irrigation systems to evaluate visitation rate. Fruit set and fruit weight were compared between irrigation systems. Bee visitation rate was not affected by the irrigation method, and the mechanical impact of the sprinkler did not provide the same level of bee pollination. As pollination and pollinators were not negatively affected, the best irrigation method should take into account agronomic aspects, such as financial viability and water use efficiency. The drip irrigation system seems to be the most effective, because it exhibits these characteristics, even though it may have a higher cost.
Resumen
El tomate es uno de los cultivos con mayor demanda de agua, y el uso de diferentes sistemas de riego y diferentes estrategias de manejo del agua pueden afectar el rendimiento del cultivo. A pesar de que el tomate es una planta auto-fertilizante (autógama), la investigación ha demostrado que las abejas (“polinización zumbante”) mejoran el rendimiento y la calidad de la fruta. Aquí, evaluamos el efecto del método de riego en las visitas de abejas y la polinización en las flores del cultivo de tomate. Se realizó el estudio de jul a oct del 2017 en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil utilizando 6 parcelas con 150 plantas de tomate por parcela. Tres parcelas recibieron agua por irrigación por aspersión y las otras 3 por riego por goteo, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se tomaron muestras de abejas de plantas regadas con ambos sistemas de riego para evaluar la tasa de visitas. Se compararon el amarre y el peso del fruto entre los sistemas de riego. El método de riego no afectó la tasa de visitas de las abejas, y el impacto mecánico del rociador no proporcionó el mismo nivel de polinización de las abejas. Como la polinización y los polinizadores no se vieron afectados negativamente, el mejor método de riego debería tener en cuenta aspectos agronómicos como la viabilidad financiera y la eficiencia en el uso del agua. El sistema de riego por goteo parece ser el más eficaz porque exhibe estas características, aunque puede tener un costo mayor.
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