Effects of temperature on the development of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): implications for mass rearing
Keywords:
insect, Asophinae, biological control, stinkbug predatorAbstract
Predatory stinkbugs such as Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) have been mass-reared in the laboratory and released for use in integrated pest management programs. However, the rearing of this natural enemy may not coincide with pest outbreaks in the field, which indicates the need for techniques to manipulate the life cycle of the predator. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on the development and other biological characteristics of the stinkbug predator P. nigrispinus. Six temperatures were used (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 °C ± 0.2 °C), and the following parameters were evaluated: duration of egg and nymphal stages; survival rate of the nymphal stages and newly emerged adults; adult longevity; number of eggs per female; pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods; and adult weight. At 4 temperatures it was possible to obtain survival at all nymphal stages. Longer adult longevity, pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods were obtained at 17 °C. However, the number of eggs, weight, and size were negatively affected by this cooler temperature. Temperatures of 21 and 25 °C were the most appropriate for the development of the predator; however, the temperatures 17 and 29 °C allowed delay or acceleration of the predator’s life cycle, thereby facilitating release of the predators when they are needed in the field for biological suppression of pests.
Resumen
Percevejos predadores, como o Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), têm sido criado massalmente em laboratório e liberado nos programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. No entanto, a produção de inimigos naturais pode não coincidir com o surto de pragas no campo, fazendo necessário o uso de técnicas que permitam manipular o ciclo de vida do predador. Objetivou-se, portanto, investigar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas no desenvolvimento e em outras características biológicas do percevejo predador P. nigrispinus. Seis temperaturas foram utilizadas (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, e 33 °C ± 0,2), e os parâmetros avaliados foram: duração da fase de ovo e dos estádios ninfais; sobrevivências; longevidade de adultos; número de ovos por fêmea; período de pré-oviposição, oviposição e pós-oviposição; peso e tamanho de adultos. Em quatro temperaturas foi possível obter a duração e sobrevivência em todos os estádios ninfais. Maior longevidade de adultos e período de pré-oviposição, oviposição e pós-oviposição foram obtidos na temperatura de 17 °C. Todavia, o número de ovos, peso e tamanho de adultos foram afetados adversamente. As temperaturas de 21 e 25 °C são as mais apropriadas para o desenvolvimento do predador. Por outro lado, as temperaturas de 17 e 29 °C permitem retardar ou acelerar o ciclo de vida do predador mediante a necessidade de inimigos naturais no campo.
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- Figure 1. Duration (days) of the egg phase (A), nymphal stages (B, C, D, E, and F), and total development of nymphal stage (G) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, and 29 ± 0.2 °C), 60 ± 9.5% o
- Figure 2. Survival (%) in nymphal stages (A, B, C, D, and E) and newly-emergent adults (F) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, and 29 ± 0.2 °C), 60 ± 9.5% of relative humidity, and
- Figure 3. Males and females longevity (days) (A) and number of eggs per females (B) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, and 29 ± 0.2 °C), 60 ± 9.5% of relative humidity, and photoperiod: 12:1
- Figure 4. Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), submitted to constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, and 29 ± 0.2 °C), 60 ± 9.5% of relative humidity, and photoperiod: 12:12 h L:D.
- Figure 5. Weight (mg) of newly-emerged Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) males and females submitted to constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, and 29 ± 0.2 °C), 60 ± 9.5% of relative humidity, and photoperiod: 12:12 h L:D.
- Fig. 1. Duration (days) of the egg phase (A), nymphal stages (B, C, D, E, and F), and total development of nymphal stage (G) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 ± 0.2 °C).
- Fig. 2. Survival (%) in nymphal stages (A, B, C, D, and E) and newly emergent adults (F) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 ± 0.2 °C).
- Fig. 3. Males and females longevity (days) (A) and number of eggs per females (B) of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) submitted to constant temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 ± 0.2 °C). * In the 13 and 33 ºC temperatures there weren’t
- Fig. 4. Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), submitted to constant temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29 and 33 ± 0.2 °C). * In the 13 and 33 ºC temperatures there weren’t adults emergenc
- Fig. 5. Weight (mg) of newly emerged Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) males and females submitted to constant temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 ± 0.2 °C). * In the 13 and 33 ºC temperatures there weren’t adults emergences.
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