Light trap capture of live Elenchus koebelei (Strepsiptera: Elenchidae)

Authors

  • Marisano J. James University of California, Davis, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Davis, California, 95616, USA
  • Donald R. Strong University of California, Davis, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Davis, California, 95616, USA

Keywords:

temperature, time, wind speed, Spartina alterniflora, twisted-wing parasite, crepuscular

Abstract

Strepsiptera are a small order of obligately endoparasitic insects. Adult females are neotenic and never leave their host, instead bearing motile young that seek out their own insect hosts to infect. Males eclose without killing their hosts. In their 4-h adult lifespan, they fly off to search for mating opportunities, assisted by unconventional eyes with few, but large, ommatidia. Such distinctive features make Strepsiptera interesting in their own right, but also offer an opportunity to better understand evolutionary innovation. Unfortunately, Strepsiptera also are minute, reclusive, and difficult to obtain, severely reducing the study thereof, especially species not infecting solitary bees or social wasps. Here we describe methods for the successful capture of a strepsipteran species. We placed an ultraviolet light trap among Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Poaceae) shoots to attract adult male Elenchus koebelei Pierce (Strepsiptera: Elenchidae) in salt marshes in the southeastern United States. In 72 d of sampling, 488 adult males were captured between 30 min before and 15 min after sunrise. None arrived more than 63 min before or 36 min after sunrise. The majority of E. koebelei were caught at wind speeds ranging from 0 to 10 km/h; however, a light breeze of about 1.5 km/h appears to be preferred. The highest daily catches occurred when the temperature was between 23 and 26 °C. No Strepsiptera were caught at temperatures below 17 °C. With 521 adult male E. koebelei caught in a single light trap, our results show this little-known parasite may be reliably obtained, enhancing opportunities for further study.

 

Resumen

Strepsiptera es una pequeña orden de insectos endoparasitarios obligados. Las hembras adultas son neoténicas y nunca abandonan a su hospedero, sino que tienen jóvenes móviles que buscan a sus propios insectos hospederos para infectar. Los machos eclosionan sin matar a su hospedero. En su vida adulta de 4 horas, vuelan para buscar oportunidades de apareamiento, asistidos por ojos no convencionales con pocos, pero grandes, ommatidios. Tales características distintas hacen que Strepsiptera sean de interés por ellos mismos, pero también ofrecen una oportunidad para comprender mejor la innovación evolutiva. Desafortunadamente, los estrepsípteros también son pequeños, solitarios y difíciles de obtener, lo que reduce drásticamente el estudio de los mismos, especialmente las especies que no infectan a las abejas solitarias o las avispas sociales. Aquí describimos métodos para la captura exitosa de una especie de Strepsiptera. Colocamos una trampa de luz ultravioleta entre los brotes de Spartina alterniflora Loisel (Cyperales: Poaceae) para atraer al macho adulto de Elenchus koebelei Pierce (Strepsiptera: Elenchidae) en las marismas del sureste de los Estados Unidos. En 72 días de muestreo, 488 machos adultos fueron capturados entre 30 minutos antes y 15 minutos después del amanecer. Ninguno llegó más de 63 minutos antes o 36 minutos después del amanecer. La mayoría de los E. koebelei fueron atrapados a velocidades de viento que van de 0 a 10 km /h; sin embargo, parece preferible una ligera brisa de aproximadamente 1.5 km/h. Las capturas diarias más altas ocurrieron cuando la temperatura estaba entre 23 y 26°C. No se capturaron los estrepsípteros a temperaturas inferiores a 17°C. Con 521 macho adultos de E. koebelei capturados en una sola trampa de luz, nuestros resultados muestran que este parásito poco conocido puede obtenerse de manera confiable, mejorando las oportunidades para un estudio posterior.

 

Supplementary material for this article in Florida Entomologist 101(2) (June 2018) is online at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse

View this article in BioOne

 

 

Author Biographies

Marisano J. James, University of California, Davis, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Davis, California, 95616, USA

Department of Evolution and Ecology

Graduate Candidate

Donald R. Strong, University of California, Davis, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Davis, California, 95616, USA

Department of Evolution and EcologyDistinguished Professor

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Published

2019-04-27

Issue

Section

Research Papers