An agricultural detergent as co-adjuvant for entomopathogenic fungi and chlorpyrifos to control Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Keywords:
Beauveria bassiana, insect integument, integrated pest management, Metarhizium anisopliae, toxicologyAbstract
The agricultural detergent TS-2035 was evaluated using a Potter tower in the laboratory to expose Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) females to a non-lethal concentration (0.001% v/v) as a co-adjuvant of formulations containing the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) or Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae), or the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. At that concentration, TS-2035 did not significantly remove the epicuticle wax of the pseudococcids, nor affect the pH of the solution. Adding the detergent to the M. anisopliae and chlorpyrifos formulations significantly reduced the LC50 of those solutions at 24, 72, and 144 h post treatment. For B. bassiana, the detergent significantly decreased the LC50 of that product only at 72 h post treatment. Fungal solutions with detergent did not affect the conidial germination of the entomopathogenic fungi. Our results found that mixing B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, or chlorpyrifos formulations with TS-2035 at 0.001% v/v did not control P. viburni by removal of their epicuticular wax, but still contributed significantly to mortality.
Resumen
El detergente agrícola TS-2035 fue evaluado utilizando una torre Potter en el laboratorio para exponer las hembras de Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) a una concentración no letal (0,001% v/v) como coadyuvante de formulaciones que contienen hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) o Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae), o el insecticida organofosforado clorpirifos. A esa concentración, TS-2035 no eliminó significativamente la cera epicutícula de los pseudococcidos, ni afectó el pH de la solución. Al agregar el detergente a las formulaciones de M. anisopliae y clorpirifos redujo significativamente la CL50 de esas soluciones a las 24, 72 y 144 h después del tratamiento. Para B. bassiana, el detergente disminuyó significativamente la LC50 de ese producto solo después del tratamiento de 72 h. Las soluciones fúngicas con detergente no afectaron la germinación conidial de los hongos entomopatógenos. Nuestros resultados encontraron que al mezclar las formulaciones de B. bassiana, M. anisopliae o clorpirifos con TS-2035 a 0,001% v/v, no controló P. viburni mediante la eliminación de su cera epicuticular, pero contribuyó significativamente a la mortalidad.
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