The semantics and pragmatics of swearing utterances in Kàfí nòònòó

Abstract

This paper examines the contextual functions of swearing in Kàfí nòònòó, where speakers invoke deities and sacred entities as witnesses to their truthfulness. Swearing serves several purposes: convincing addressees, urging action, expressing emphatic rejection, and reinforcing credibility. Affirmatory swearing confirms the truth of a statement to gain listener trust, while insistent swearing—common in marketplace vendor–purchaser exchanges—builds confidence and dispels doubt. Rejection-based swearing, often invoking deceased relatives' bones, graves, or family members, expresses firm refusal and protest. Overall, swearing is a key linguistic practice through which the Kafa negotiate trade relationships, assert firm abstinence, and establish trust, particularly with elders.