Descriptions of three hundred new species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

Abstract

Genomic sequencing and analysis offer a fast track to cataloguing biodiversity and facilitating species discovery. A comprehensive genomic study of Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809 (Lepidoptera), incorporating primary type specimens, uncovers a plethora of species previously unknown to science. Three hundred of them (one in a new genus, and one in a new subgenus) are described here (type localities are given in parentheses): Hasora vietnama Grishin, new species (Vietnam: Đắk Nông), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) oriana Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) aurantior Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) pulcher Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá Oeste), Drephalys (Drephalys) phoelides Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá), Drephalys (Drephalys) panamys Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Phanus centralis Grishin, new species (El Salvador: San Salvador), Phanus vitreides Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Hyalothyrus inferna Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Tarsoctenus stenopapias Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Phocides tema Grishin, new species (Guatemala), Bungalotis lotis Grishin, new species (Belize), Dyscophellus porsenica Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Dyscophellus santamarta Grishin, new species (Colombia: Magdalena), Euriphellus huellus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Vaupés), Cecropterus (Cecropterus) spinipes Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul), Cecropterus (Thorybes) septelucis Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Cecropterus (Murgaria) lapus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sinaloa), Cecropterus (Murgaria) margo Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Cecropterus (Murgaria) amazonensis Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Spicauda surprisa Grishin, new species (Brazil: Paraná), Spicauda pecne Grishin, new species (Peru: Cajamarca), Urbanus (Urbanoides) xenophon Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: San José), Urbanus (Urbanus) torcidus Grishin, new species (Colombia: east), Urbanus (Urbanus) viterbo Grishin, new species (Colombia: east), Urbanus (Urbanus) alvinus Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Telegonus (Telegonus) alco Grishin, new species (Panama:Panamá Oeste), Telegonus (Telegonus) loretus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Telegonus (Telegonus) tenebricus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Telegonus (Telegonus) colombus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Telegonus (Telegonus) argentinus Grishin, new species (Argentina: Misiones), Telegonus (Telegonus) chuchuvis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) lesus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Antioquia), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) fortis Grishin, new species (USA: Texas), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) occultus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) leptus Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosí), Autochton (Autochton) xaca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Autochton (Autochton) nama Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá Oeste), Autochton (Autochton) pacovena Grishin,
new species (Venezuela: Zulia), Autochton (Autochton) pera Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Autochton (Autochton) colombianus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Chocó), Autochton (Autochton) bipunctaticus Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Astraptes guyana Grishin, new species (Guyana), Epargyreus argentinicus Grishin, new species (Argentina: Jujuy), Epargyreus tmolucan Grishin, new species (Argentina: Tucumán), Chioides australis Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Aguna peruander Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Aguna leucoriga Grishin, new species (Brazil: Minas Gerais), Aguna paraica Grishin, new species (Brazil: Pará), Aguna paracoelus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Pará), Aguna aguna Grishin, new species (Panama: Veraguas), Aguna manchancha Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Aguna guyanae Grishin, new species (Guyana), Aguna curvicoelus Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién),
Aguna lumba Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Sucumbíos), Aguna yasuna Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Aguna stenozonius Grishin, new species (Guyana), Aguna latifasciata Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Lobotractus bajasur Grishin, new species (Mexico: Baja California Sur), Lobotractus myseriana Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Ridens ankon Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Chimborazo), Ridens fulmina Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Ridens gracilis Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Venada chiapa Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Venada maria Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Venada boliva Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Cephise fulvus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Ectomis (Asina) sine Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Ectomis (Ectomis) lipas Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Ectomis (Ectomis) pernicioides Grishin, new species (Brazil: São Paulo), Ectomis (Ectomis) albovenissima Grishin, new species (Brazil: Santa Catarina), Telemiades nidas Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Telemiades canticus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Telemiades squador Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Polygonus amazonus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Typhedanus ampyxacus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Typhedanus umbrosus Grishin, new species (Colombia), Cogia huila Grishin, new species (Mexico: Coahuila), Coladenia javi Grishin, new species (Indonesia: Java), Abaratha (Abaratha) bhutana Grishin, new species (Bhutan), Abantis (Caprona) ana Grishin, new species (Kenya: Mombasa), Mysoria (Mysarbia) centralia Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Gindanes brebus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Quadrus (Trifa) cobus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Sucumbíos), Quadrus (Quadrus) alis Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Quadrus (Quadrus) rialis Grishin, new species (Guatemala: Cayuga), Quadrus (Quadrus) tee Grishin, new species (Colombia: Antioquia), Quadrus (Quadrus) truncatoides Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Quadrus (Quadrus) lugubroides Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Quadrus (Tuberna) syntrophos Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Quadrus (Cyrna) baris Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosí), Quadrus (Cyrna) pacuvius Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Quadrus (Cyrna) rahus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Tungurahua), Quadrus (Ebona) fuscus Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá), Quadrus (Ebona) atrus Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Quadrus (Ebona) evanitza Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Quadrus (Zera) panamia Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Quadrus (Zera) chinchia Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Quadrus (Zera) cinthinus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Milanion (Milanion) chelatus Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Milanion (Milanion) guianensis Grishin, new species (Guyana), Eantis (Minna) willa Grishin,new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Eantis (Thilla) maurus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Pará), Aethilla mexina Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Achlyodes centralis Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Achlyodes cacaus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Spioniades abbreviatissima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Spioniades ana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Tungurahua), Mimia engana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Oriente, Río Engaño), Xispia superquadrata Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Xispia equadra Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Myrinia distincta Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Morvina jana Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Morvina caura Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Suapure), Morvina cola Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyacá), Cyclosemia hebes Grishin, new species (“Amazons”), Cyclosemia alatha Grishin, new species (Bolivia), Cyclosemia trichroma Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Cyclosemia andeania Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Cyclosemia mexicania Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Cyclosemia decorata Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe), Cyclosemia supercaerulea Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Cyclosemia bolivia Grishin,new species (Bolivia: Santa Cruz), Cyclosemia rondonnius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Cyclosemia ecuadoria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Cyclosemia peruvia Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Iliana (Nastrus) amazona Grishin, new subgenus and new species (Brazil: Amazonas) (type species of the subgenus), Tiana ater Grishin, new species (Panama: Coclé), Tiana nigerrima Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Nisoniades (Bezus) occibessus Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Nisoniades (Nisoniades) equaphora Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Loja), Bolla (Bovaria) damera Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Bolla (Bolla) aureiceps Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Bolla (Sebia) zuela Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Mérida), Bolla (Sebia) guatemalensis Grishin, new species (Guatemala), Bolla (Stolla) bolla Grishin, new species (Bolivia: Cochabamba), Bolla (Stolla) manu Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Staphylus (Vulga) maria Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Staphylus (Vulga) cuzos Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Staphylus (Vulga) metos Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Staphylus (Staphylus) panamicus Grishin, new species (Panama: Guna Yala), Pholisora suroesta Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Noctuana mimica Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Noctuana statoreca Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Noctuana statorana Grishin, new species (Guyana), Noctuana haematospilata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Noctuana ventrovenata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Windia sonoria Grishin,
new species (Mexico: Sonora), Ernsta (Delaga) aspes Grishin, new species (Namibia: 4 km east of Otavi), Heliopetes (Heliopyrgus) willioides Grishin, new species (Argentina: Tucumán), Heliopetes (Heliopetes) arsaltines Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Trina trina Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Trina isa Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Santa claus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Anisochoria huanuca Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Clito mexicens Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Clito sompoides Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Clito ada Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Clito rondo Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Clito zeloticus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Clito hondo Grishin, new species (Honduras), Clito pallida Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Echelatus jamaicus Grishin, new species (Jamaica: Kingston), Anaxas songus Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Potamanaxas crandama Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Potamanaxas ecuada Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Potamanaxas enez Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Aragua), Potamanaxas huanca Grishin, new species (Peru: Pasco), Potamanaxas quigga Grishin, new species (Colombia: Caquetá), Festivia festi Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Festivia hannah Grishin, new species (Colombia), Festivia tolima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Tolima), Sostrata guyata Grishin, new species (Guyana), Sostrata rondata Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Sostrata peruata Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Gorgythion centralina Grishin, new species (Guatemala: Santa Rosa), Gorgythion canalina Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá Oeste), Gorgythion ayas Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Guayas), Gorgythion calima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Gorgythion lorina Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Gorgythion cerrada Grishin, new species (Brazil: Goiás), Camptopleura mexicanes Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Felicena wau Grishin, new species (Papua New Guinea: Morobe), Mnaseas violaceus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Cyclosma paragua Grishin, new species (Paraguay: Sapucaí), Lindra pindra Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá), Metron chrysoaca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Metron cremicolor Grishin, new species (Brazil: São Paulo), Metron cerradon Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Metron fascia Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Heredia), Tisias ador Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Morona-Santiago), Tisias migera Grishin, new species (Brazil: Minas Gerais), Xeniades (Tixe) cuska Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Oligoria (Oligoria) colombia Grishin, new species (Colombia: Cauca), Oligoria (Oligoria) argentinia Grishin, new species (Argentina: Jujuy), Oligoria (Oligoria) ecuadoria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Oligoria (Oligoria) peruvia Grishin, new species (Peru: Junín), Atrytonopsis dospuntos Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Thespieus genta Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Thespieus panareus Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Thespieus maldan Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Alychna bogotana Grishin, new species (Colombia: Bogotá), Alychna colonis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Alychna semicolonis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Cuzco), Wahydra vekana Grishin, new species (Colombia: Cundinamarca), Adlerodea asemodia Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Mucia castana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe), Mucia strigemma Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Morona-Santiago), Vinius panamius Grishin, new species (Panama: Herrera), Cynea (Cynea) veneatra Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Aragua), Cynea (Cynea) equatra Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Cynea (Nycea) pindus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Onophas flossus Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá Oeste), Onophas flos Grishin, new species (Honduras), Eutus costa Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Cartago), Thoon dius Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Thoon rondius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Alerema complex Grishin, new species (USA: Texas), Niconiades sor Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Moeris nana Grishin, new species (Brazil: Paraná), Gallio tholos Grishin, new species (Guyana), Gallio pallidus Grishin,new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Mnasicles (Remella) wemex Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasicles (Remella) vembia Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Barinas), Mnasicles (Remella) aca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasicles (Remella) ritama Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) nama Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) doraon Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Guayas), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) azteca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) cupreus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Hidalgo), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) fimbriora Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nuevo León), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) aspilus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) sonofolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Jalisco), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) verafolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) nayafolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Vidius calacato Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Cobalopsis tys Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Artonia darienia Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Artonia guiania Grishin, new species (Guyana), Corra panka Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Cymaenes bahiensis Grishin, new species (Brazil: Bahia), Cymaenes guianensis Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Cymaenes paraibes Grishin, new species (Brazil: Paraíba), Cymaenes taboga Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá), Lerema (Morys) valerianus Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Saturnus oaxacus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Saturnus jaguarundi Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Streakus unisolus Grishin, new genus and new species (Peru: Cuzco) (type species of the genus), Vistigma (Penicula) cometa Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Phlebodes trapinex Grishin, new species (Guyana), Phlebodes punto Grishin, new species (Peru: San Martín), Phlebodes maransis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Metiscus gothic Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Lychnuchus (Enosis) philos Grishin, new species (Panama: Darién), Mit albitornus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Callimormus turnus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Callimormus saturnicus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Lento tolus Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Lento amazo Grishin, new species (Brazil: Pará), Lento flecha Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Virga radiolius Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Virga marmolius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondônia), Mnestheus itta Grishin, new species (Panama: Panamá Oeste) Mnestheus ittonica Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco) Ludens lombens Grishin, new species (Colombia), Rigga spanglata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Rigga bia Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Racta iria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Mnasinous (Mnasinous) patagopsis Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriquí), Thargella (Volus) amazella Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Synapte sala Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosí), Synapte oaxala Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasalcas tenapana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Ancyloxypha aureata Grishin, new species (Peru: La Libertad), Oarisma (Copaeodes) jeor Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Panoquina sinasona Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sinaloa), Zenis lipas Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Calpodes rostris Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes rostridus Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Mérida), Calpodes perlatus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Pará), Calpodes contrastus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul), Calpodes fissalius Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyacá), Calpodes parasalius Grishin, new species (Suriname), Calpodes chimalapus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes vividus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyacá), Calpodes obscurus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Calpodes antonus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes venamus Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Carabobo), Calpodes calimus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Calvetta calva Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón); Carystus (Argon) gus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Aroma oma Grishin, new species (Panama: Colón), Molo reticulatus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Mielkeus tertius Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Cartago), Damas surivenas Grishin, new species (Suriname), Pyrrhopygopsis bixis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Oenides ecuadorina Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Oenides erytorna Grishin, new species (Peru: Huánuco), Oenides andina Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), and Oenides peruvina Grishin, new species (Peru: Pasco). We confirm that Papilio aulestis Cramer, 1780 is an incorrect original spelling of Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780; propose that Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832 and Thymele phalos Boisduval, 1832 are nomina dubia in Hesperiidae, probably Trapezitinae Waterhouse and Lyell, 1914; and fix the type species of Felicena Waterhouse, 1932 as Sabera albicilla Joicey and Talbot, 1917. The following taxa were formerly treated as subspecies or synonyms and are here reinstated or given new status as species (listed here alongside the species they were originally subspecific to or synonymized with, in parentheses): Hasora danda Evans, 1949, Hasora china Evans, 1949, and Hasora taiwana Hsu, Tsukiyama and Chiba, 2005 (not Hasora anura Nicéville, 1889), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) formosus (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) (not Drephalys (Paradrephalys) dumeril (Latreille, [1824])), Phanus prestoni L. Miller, 1965 (not Phanus obscurior Kaye, 1925), Cecropterus (Murgaria) herophilus (Plötz, 1881) (not Cecropterus (Thorybes) virescens (Mabille, 1877), Autochton (Autochton) bocus (Plötz, 1882), Autochton (Autochton) dhega (Mabille, 1891), and Autochton (Autochton) agathokles (Ehrmann, 1918) (not Autochton (Autochton) neis (Geyer, 1832)), Autochton (Autochton) orontes (Plötz, 1882) (not Autochton (Autochton) bipunctatus (Gmelin, [1790]), Aguna scheba (Plötz, 1881) (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Aguna leucogramma (Mabille, 1888) (not Aguna albistria (Plötz, 1881)), Ridens philia Evans, 1952 (not Ridens philistus (Hopffer, 1874)), Ectomis flammula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Ectomis auginus (Hewitson, 1867)), Coladenia sundae de Jong and Treadaway, 1992 (not Coladenia agni (Nicéville, 1884)), Abaratha (Abaratha) saraya Doherty, 1886 (not Abaratha (Abaratha) agama (Moore, 1858)), Gindanes phagesia (Hewitson, 1868), Gindanes panaetius Godman and Salvin, 1895, and Gindanes brebna Evans, 1953 (not Gindanes brebisson (Latreille, [1824])), Quadrus (Ebona) dampa (Evans, 1953) (not Quadrus (Ebona) juxta (E. Bell, 1934)), Quadrus (Zera) latreilliana (Mabille, 1876) (not Quadrus (Zera) zera (A. Butler, 1870)), Aethilla coracina Butler, 1870 (not Aethilla echina Hewitson, 1870), Morvina pelarge (Godman and Salvin, 1894) (not Morvina fissimacula (Mabille, 1878)), Bolla tornea Evans, 1953 (not Bolla giselus (Mabille, 1883)), Trina phalaena (Mabille, 1898) (not Trina geometrina (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867)), Santa aquila (Hayward, 1951) (not Santa santes (E. Bell, 1940)), Echelatus dilloni E. Bell and W. Comstock, 1948 (not Echelatus sempiternus (A. Butler and H. Druce, 1872)), Felicena albicilla (Joicey and Talbot, 1917) (not Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832, nomen dubium), Metron hypodesma (Plötz, 1882) and Metron gades Evans, 1955 (not Metron chrysogastra (A. Butler, 1870)), Tisias canna Evans, 1955 (not Tisias lesueur (Latreille, [1824]), Onophas flossites (M. Butler, 1874) (not Onophas columbaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870)), Mnasicles (Remella) centralis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Mnasicles (Remella) remus (Fabricius, 1798)), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) stollmeyeri (E. Bell, 1932) (not Mnasicles (Mnasicles) hicetaon Godman, 1901), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) prenda Evans, 1955 (not Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) tolteca Scudder, 1872), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) immaculatus Freeman, 1970 (not Amblyscirtes (Mastor) patriciae (Bell, 1959)), Cymaenes theogenis (Capronnier, 1874) (not Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)), Cymaenes sulla (Möschler, 1879) (not Cymaenes theogenis (Capronnier, 1874)), Cymaenes sacchariphila (Dyar, 1917) (not Cymaenes alumna (Butler, 1877)), Virga cometho (Godman, 1901) (not Virga virginius (Möschler, 1883)), Calpodes culta (Evans, 1955) and Calpodes catha (Evans, 1955) (not Calpodes saladin (Evans,1955)), Calpodes trimacula (Mabille, 1878) (not Calpodes salius (Cramer, 1775)), and Pyrrhopygopsis orasus (H.Druce, 1876) (not Pyrrhopygopsis socrates (Ménétriés, 1855)). The following are new genus-species and species-subspecies combinations (previous parent in parentheses): Viola fatinitza (Plötz, 1884) (not Quadrus Lindsey, 1925), Metron nigroalbum (Shuey, 2024) (not Metrocles Godman, 1900), Aguna scheba haitensis Mabille and Boullet, 1912 (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Morvina pelarge lenia Evans, 1953 (not Morvina fissimacula (Mabille, 1878)), and Felicena albicilla nota Evans, 1949 (not Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832, nomen dubium). Pamphila corisana Möschler, 1883 is a junior objective synonym (and a junior secondary homonym) of Cynea corisana (Plötz, 1882). The following are new junior subjective synonyms: Urbanus albimargo rica Evans, 1952 of Cecropterus (Murgaria) herophilus (Plötz, 1881), reinstated status, Ridens fulima Evans, 1952 of Ridens fulminans (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869), Viola egra Evans, 1953 of Viola fatinitza (Plötz,1884), new combination, Zera teresa Steinhauser, 1989 of Quadrus (Zera) latreilliana (Mabille, 1876), Aethilla melas Plötz, 1882 of Aethilla coracina A. Butler, 1870, reinstated status, Staphylus incanus Bell, 1932 of Bolla (Stolla) chlorocephala Latreille, [1824], Onophas distigma Bell, 1930 of Onophas columbaria (Herrich-Schäffer,1870), Lento listo Evans, 1955 of Lento imerius (Plötz, 1884), and Pyrrhopygopsis socrates crates Mabille and Boullet, 1912 of Pyrrhopygopsis orasus (H. Druce, 1876). We propose new taxonomic placement for the following synonyms (previous placement given in parentheses): Cecropterus zonilis Mabille, 1883 of Autochton (Autochton) orontes (Plötz, 1882), reinstated status, (not of Autochton (Autochton) bipunctatus (Gmelin, [1790])), Aguna asander jasper Evans, 1952 of Aguna scheba (Plötz, 1881), reinstated status, (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Thymele guatemalaina Ehrmann, 1907 (type locality likely in South America, not in Guatemala) of Aguna albistria (Plötz, 1881) (not of Aguna leucogramma (Mabille, 1888), Gindanes truncata var. obscurascens Mabille and Boullet, 1917 of Quadrus (Quadrus) ophia (Butler, 1870) (not of Quadrus (Quadrus) lugubris (R. Felder, 1869)), Pythonides praxis Plötz, 1884 of Quadrus (Tuberna) deyrollei deyrollei (Mabille, 1877) (not of Quadrus (Tuberna) contubernalis (Mabille, 1883)), and Chapra marcus Strand, 1909 (type locality likely in Mexico) of Amblyscirtes (Mastor) folia Godman, 1900 (not of Amblyscirtes (Amblyteria) exoteria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)). Lectotypes are designated for 27 taxa (names in original combinations, type localities in parentheses): Goniurus herophilus Plötz, 1881 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Eudamus philistus Hopffer, 1874 (Peru: Junín), Eudamus fulminans Herrich-Schäffer, 1869 (Brazil, likely southern), Eudamus caunus Herrich-
Schäffer, 1869 (likely in Southeast or South Brazil), Gindanes truncata var. obscurascens Mabille and Boullet, 1917 (Venezuela: Mérida), Pythonides praxis Plötz, 1884 (“Cayenne”, likely in French Guiana), Achlyodes bubaris Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Guatemala), Achlyodes calavius Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriquí), Achlyodes colotes Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriquí), Achlyodes fatinitza Plötz, 1884 (Colombia), Pterygospidea latreilliana Mabille, 1876 (Brazil), Aethilla melas Plötz, 1882 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro),Aethilla primus Plötz, 1882 (Brazil: São Paulo), Theagenes stator Godman, 1899 (Mexico: Veracruz), Paches phalaena Mabille, 1898 (Bolivia: La Paz, Tanampaya), Sostrata pusilla Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriquí), Hesperia hypodesma Plötz, 1882 (Brazil: Pará), Cobalus percosius Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Veracruz),Hesperia corisana Plötz, 1882 (Suriname), Cobalus columbaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1870 (Brazil), Mnasicles geta  Godman, 1901 (Mexico: Tabasco), Amblyscirtes folia Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Guerrero), Pamphila ancus Möschler, 1879 (Colombia), Mnasinous patage Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Veracruz), Pamphila panoquinoides Skinner, 1891 (USA: Florida, Monroe Co.), Pamphila errans Skinner, 1892 (USA: California), and Pyrrhopygopsis crates Mabille and Boullet, 1912 (Ecuador: Río Napo). Neotypes are designated for six taxa: Goniurus tarchon Hübner, [1819] (Suriname), Carcharodus mazans Reakirt, [1867] (Mexico: Veracruz), Nisoniades mejicanus Reakirt, [1867] (Mexico: Veracruz), Cobalus centralis Herrich-Schäffer, 1869 (Panama: Chiriquí), Apaustus imerius Plötz, 1884 (South America, likely Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), and Papilio salius Cramer, 1775 (Suriname). Finally, unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms of mentioned genera, subgenera, and species are transferred together with their parent taxa, and taxa not mentioned in this work remain as previously classified.