Chemical constituents and toxic, repellent, and oviposition-deterrent effects of ethanol extracted Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) oil on Bemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Keywords:
nutmeg, GC-MS, bioactivity, whitefly,Abstract
Abstract
Most studies on the essential oil of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt,; Myristicaceae) have been laboratory based. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the practical application of the essential oil of this species in the greenhouse for controlling the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Three concentrations (10, 5, and 2.5 mg/mL) of the ethanol-extracted essential oil of M. fragrans were prepared. In laboratory experiments, fumigation toxicity was evaluated by applying 0.1 mL of extracted oil onto a filter paper (6 cm diameter) that was attached to the inside of the cap of a 100 mL glass jar containing 20 whiteflies; mortality was recorded 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after application. For assessment of contact toxicity, a tomato leaf was treated with 0.1 mL of the essential oil extract solutions and placed in cages containing 20 whiteflies each; the mortality was recorded at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of the bioassay. For determination of the repellency effect, 2 leaves, 1 treated with extracted oil and another with the control solution, were placed in cages, and 20 insects were released into each cage; repellency was observed after 24, 48, and 72 h. In the greenhouse, 2 potted plants were placed in a cage; 1 was treated with extracted oil and the other was treated with a control solution; 100 whiteflies were released into the cage, and repellency and anti-oviposition effects were observed at 24 and 48 h of the bioassay. Maximum fumigation toxicity (79.17 ± 3.00%), contact toxicity (72.50 ± 4.23%), and repellency (76.67 ± 7.15%) were observed at 10 mg/mL in the laboratory experiments. The maximum repellency (58.33 ± 3.50%) and anti-oviposition (46.11 ± 5.38%) effects were observed at 24 h of exposure in greenhouse tests. These results suggest that the essential oil of M. fragrans was toxic, repellent, and prevented whitefly oviposition in laboratory and greenhouse tests. Further studies are recommended to assess the bioactivity of the chemical components of the essential oil on other insect species.
Resumen
La mayoría de los estudios sobre el aceite esencial de nuez moscada (Myristica fragrans Houtt.; Myristicaceae) han sido hachos en el laboratorio. A nuestro entender, este es el primer estudio que describe la aplicación práctica del aceite esencial de esta especie en el invernadero para el control de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Se prepararon tres concentraciones (10, 5 y 2,5 mg/ml) del aceite esencial de M. fragrans extraído con etanol. En experimentos de laboratorio, se evaluó la toxicidad de la fumigación aplicando 0,1 ml de aceite extraído sobre un papel de filtro (6 cm de diámetro) que se unió al interior de la tapa de un frasco de vidrio de 100 ml que tenía 20 moscas blancas; se registró la mortalidad a los 1, 2, 4 y 8 horas después de la aplicación. Para la evaluación de la toxicidad de contacto, se trató una hoja de tomate con 0,1 ml de la solución de extracto de aceite esencial y se colocaron en jaulas que tenían 20 moscas blancas cada una; se registró la mortalidad a las 3, 6, 12 y 24 horas del bioensayo. Para la determinación del efecto de repelencia, 2 hojas, 1 tratada con aceite extraído y otra con la solución de control, fueron colocadas en las jaulas, y se liberaron 20 insectos en cada jaula; se observó la repelencia a las 24, 48 y 72 horas. En el invernadero, 2 plantas en macetas fueron colocadas en una jaula; 1 se trató con aceite extraído y el otro se trató con una solución de control; se liberaron 100 moscas blancas en la jaula y se observaron los efectos de la repelencia y anti-oviposición a las 24 y 48 horas del bioensayo. En los experimentos de laboratorio se observaron la toxicidad máxima de fumigación (79,17 ± 3,00%), toxicidad de contacto (72,50 ± 4,23%) y repelencia (76,67 ± 7,15%) a 10 mg / ml. Se observaron los efectos de la repelencia máxima (58,33 ± 3,50%) y anti-oviposición (46,11 ± 5,38%) a las 24 horas de exposición en los ensayos en invernadero. Estos resultados sugieren que el aceite esencial de M. fragrans mostró toxicidad, repelencia y actividades anti-oviposición en el laboratorio y en el invernadero. Se recomiendan estudios adicionales para evaluar la bioactividad de los componentes químicos del aceite esencial en otras especies de insectos.
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