Battus polydamas (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) uses the open-field Aristolochia sessilifolia (Piperales: Aristolochiaceae) as its host plant in Uruguayan savanna areas
Keywords:
ecological plasticity, grassland areas, larval performance, Neotropical Region, species distribution model, swallowtail butterfliesAbstract
Butterfly species with broad geographical ranges are expected to be tolerant of ecological/ environmental constraints and to shifts in host plant use. This seems to be the case of the butterfly Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), which in the absence of better host plants may lay eggs on low-quality Aristolochia (Piperales: Aristolochiaceae) plants, increasing the developmental time and mortality rate of immatures. Battus polydamas populations from the Uruguayan savanna were investigated to verify whether A. sessilifolia (Klotzsch) Duch. was being used as a host plant in grassland areas where no other Aristolochia species are available. Species distribution models (SDM) for both species were built to verify whether ecological conditions could cause overlapping distributions between them. Extensive field surveys were performed to investigate whether B. polydamas actually uses A. sessilifolia as larval food source in the field. The performance of larvae on such host plant was also tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory environment. The SDM analysis showed a large overlap between the distributions of B. polydamas and A. sessilifolia. Field surveys revealed the occurrence of an interaction between the butterfly and the potential host plant, and laboratory experiments corroborated that B. polydamas larvae can successfully use A. sessilifolia as a host plant. The wide distribution of B. polydamas suggests that this butterfly species evolved the ability to develop in unfavorable environments (e.g., poor host plants, adverse climate), allowing it to use virtually all Aristolochia species of the Neotropics as host plants. Thus, adult females appear to have developed the capacity to identify any Aristolochia spp. as a suitable host plant, enabling the exploitation of various landscapes and ecoregions.
Resumen
Se espera que las especies de mariposas con rangos geográficos amplios sean tolerantes a las limitaciones ecológicas / ambientales y cambios en el uso de la planta hospedante. Y este parece ser el caso de la mariposa Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), que en ausencia de mejores plantas hospedadoras pueden poner huevos en Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) de baja calidad, aumentando el tiempo de desarrollo y la tasa de mortalidad de los estados inmaduros. Es así como poblaciones de B. polydamas de la sabana Uruguaya fueron investigadas a objeto de verificar si A. sessilifolia (Klotzsch) Duch. estaría siendo utilizada como planta hospedera en zonas de pastizales, donde no se encuentra ninguna otra especie de Aristolochia. A este respecto, se construyeron modelos de distribución de especies (SDM) para ambas especies, con el objetivo de verificar si las condiciones ecológicas podrían permitir la sobreposición de distribución geográfica entre ellas. Se realizaron encuestas de campo extensivas para investigar si B. polydamas realmente utiliza A. sessilifolia como fuente de alimento larval en condiciones naturales. El rendimiento de las larvas en esta planta hospedera también se puso a prueba bajo condiciones controladas en laboratorio. El análisis de SDM mostró un gran solapamiento entre las distribuciones de B. polydamas y A. sessilifolia. Los estudios de campo revelaron la ocurrencia de interacción entre la mariposa y la potencial planta hospedera, y los experimentos de laboratorio corroboraron que las larvas de B. polydamas pueden utilizar con éxito A. sessilifolia como planta hospedera. La amplia distribución de B. polydamas sugiere que esta especie de mariposa ha tenido la capacidad de desarrollarse en ambientes desfavorables (e.g. pobres en plantas hospedadoras, clima adverso) durante su evolución, lo que le ha permitido utilizar prácticamente todas las especies de Aristolochia del Neotrópico como hospedera. Por lo tanto, las hembras adultas podrían haber desarrollado la capacidad de identificar cualquiera Aristolochia como hospedera adecuada, permitiendo la explotación de diferentes paisajes y ecorregiones.
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