Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser
Keywords:
sex pheromone, (Z, Z, E)-7, 11, 13-hexadecatrienal, citrus leafminer, SPLAT, DCEPT CLMAbstract
Recent efforts to disrupt mating of the leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a global pest of citrus, have focused on the use of SPLAT™ (ISCA Technologies), a flowable wax emulsion intended to serve as a slow-release matrix for pheromones. Early success with this approach was overshadowed by the expense and difficulty of application, and variation in wax component chemistry that contributed to reduced longevity of pheromone emission in the field. Solid elastomer dispensers (DCEPT CLM™, ISCA Technologies, Inc.) loaded with a 3:1 blend of (Z,Z,E)- 7,11,13-hexadecatrienal and (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienal, the major components of the P. citrella sex pheromone, provided disruption of trap catch in commercial citrus orchards for periods exceeding 30 wk. The triene component alone worked as well as or better than the 3:1 blend. The height of dispensers placed by hand in the tree canopy had a significant effect on trap shutdown. Dispensers placed low (0.6 m) in the canopy resulted in a reduction of trap shutdown in the upper third (>3 m) of the canopy suggesting that the net movement of pheromone molecules was downward during the period of active moth flight. Although moth flight appeared equivalent among the heights tested, placement of dispensers higher in the canopy appears more effective given this downward movement of pheromone plumes. These studies suggest that season-long trap catch disruption can be attained in citrus with a single application of a hand-applied dispenser.
Resumen
Trabajos recientes por impedir el apareamiento del minador de la hoja, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), una plaga mundial de cítricos, se han centrado en el uso de SPLAT ™ (ISCA Technologies), una emulsión de cera fluida diseñado a servir como una matriz de liberación lenta para feromonas. El éxito inicial con este enfoque se vio ensombrecida por el costo y la dificultad de aplicación, y variación en la composición química que contribuyó a la reducción de la longevidad de la emisión de feromonas en el campo. Dispensadores de goma sólida (DCEPT CLM ™, ISCA Technologies, Inc.) cargados con una mezcla 3:1 de (Z, Z, E)-7,11,13 hexadecatrienal:(Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadienal, los principales componentes de la feromona sexual de P. citrella, proporcionaron excelente reducción en la captura de machos en trampas en huertos comerciales de cítricos por períodos superiores a 30 semanas. El componente trieno funcionaba iqual o mejor que la mezcla 3:1. La altura de los dispensadores colocados a mano en los árboles tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la captura en trampas. Dispensadores colocados bajo (0,6 m) resultaron en una reducción de disrupción de captura en el tercio superior (>3 m) de los arboles lo que sugiere que el movimiento neto de moléculas de feromona fue hacia abajo durante el período de vuelo de la polilla. Aunque el vuelo de la polilla apareció equivalente entre las alturas probadas, la colocación a 3 m de dispensadores en la copa parece más eficaz dado a este movimiento de los penachos de feromonas. Estos estudios sugieren que la interrupción durante toda la temporada se puede lograr en los cítricos con una sola aplicación de un dispensador aplicado a mano y proporcionamos recomendaciones para su utilización.
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