Effects of ethanolic extracts of Argemone ochroleuca (Papaveraceae) on food consumption and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): an insecticide exploration
Keywords:
Botanical insecticide, fall armyworm, effect on development, feeding behaviorAbstract
The effects of two concentrations (15% and 30%) of ethanolic extracts of Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Papaveraceae) were determined on feeding and development of third instars of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using treated maize-leaf pieces during 48 h. The extracts were obtained from dried whole plants including stems, leaves, and flowers. Armyworm food consumption was slightly reduced (by 13 to 14%) at both concentrations compared with the controls. Larval growth was significantly affected only at the highest concentration, with a 23% reduction in larval weight after 48 h of feeding on the treated leaves and a 38% reduction after another 48 h of feeding on an untreated artificial diet. By contrast, the duration of the larval and pupal stages was prolonged by 43% (from 13.5 to 19.4 d) and by 8% (from 2.1 to 2.2 d), respectively. Total larval mortality was also higher at the highest concentration (31%) than in controls (10%). During the pupal stage, neither the number of pupae that formed nor their mortality or weight was significantly affected by the treatments. However, both of the bioassay concentrations significantly lengthened the duration of the pupal stage in males, whereas in females, only the higher concentration did. In addition, no effect was observed on the adult emergence, sex ratio, and fecundity. In summary, the primary effect of ethanolic A. ochroleuca extracts appears to be a reduction in feeding, which simultaneously slows larval growth and increases mortality.
Key Words: botanical insecticide; fall armyworm; effect on development; feeding behavior
Resumen
En este estudio se determinó, a través de la ingestión continua de hojas tratadas de maíz durante 48 h, el efecto de dos concentraciones (15% y 30%)
de extractos etanólicos de Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (Papaveraceae) sobre el comportamiento de alimentación y desarrollo de larvas de tercer ínstar del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Los extractos se obtuvieron de plantas completas secas incluyendo tallos, hojas y flores. El consumo de alimento se redujo ligeramente (en 13 a 14%) en ambas concentraciones comparado con el testigo. El crecimiento fue afectado significativamente solamente en la más alta concentración, con una reducción de 23% del peso larval después de 48 h de alimentación sobre las hojas tratadas y un 38% de reducción después de otras 48 h de alimentación sobre dieta artificial no tratada. En contraste, la duración de los estados de larva y pupa se incrementó en 43% (desde 13.5 a 19.4 d) y 8% (desde 2.1 a 2.2. d), respectivamente. La mortalidad larvaria también fue más alta en la concentración más alta (31%) que en el testigo (10%). Durante el estado de pupa, ni el número de pupas formadas ni su mortalidad o peso fue afectado significativamente por los tratamientos. Sin embargo, ambas concentraciones ensayadas prologaron significativamente la duración del estado de pupas en machos mientras que en hembras este efecto solamente se observó en la concentración más alta. También, ningún efecto se observó en la emergencia de adultos, proporción de sexos y fecundidad. Se concluye que el principal efecto de los extractos etanólicos de A. ochroleuca son la reducción en la alimentación, lo cual, al mismo tiempo, prologa el crecimiento larval e incrementa la mortalidad.
Palabras Clave: insecticidas botánicos; gusano cogollero; efectos en el desarrollo; comportamiento de alimentación
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