[Supplementary Material] Phylogeny and biogeography of Heterostylum (Diptera: Bombyliidae): Evidence for an ancient Caribbean diversification model
Keywords:
cladistic biogeography, dispersal-vicariance analysis, DIVA, Nearctic, Neotropical, systematicsAbstract
A cladistic and biogeographic analysis is presented of Heterostylum Macquart (Diptera: Bombyliidae), a New World bee-fly genus with 14 species. A phylogenetic hypothesis was obtained based on a data matrix with 27 characters, using the cladogram analysis and search program, TNT, and the matrix editing and tree viewing program, WINCLADA. Character states were polarized by tree rooting with the following outgroup taxa: Toxophora aurea Macquart, Apiformyia australis Yeates, Triploechus novus Williston, T. bellus Philippi, and T. heteronevrus Macquart. The monophyly of Heterostylum was well supported, and after successive weighting was applied, 2 major clades were found: a Nearctic clade including H. robustum (Osten Sacken), H. helvolum Hall & Evenhuis, H. deani Painter, H. croceum Painter, and H. engelhardti Painter, and a Neotropical clade with H. haemorrhoicum (Loew), H. rufum (Olivier), H. evenhuisi Cunha & Lamas, H. maculipennis Cunha & Lamas, H. ferrugineum (Fabricius), H. hirsutum (Thunberg), and H. pallipes Bigot. For the biogeographic analysis we derived an area cladogram based on the phylogenetic hypothesis obtained to analyze the distributional pattern and spatial diversification of Heterostylum. The divergence between Nearctic and Neotropical clades is associated with a spatial disjunction along the Mexican Transition Zone, which supports evidence that an ancient Caribbean event was mainly responsible for the diversification of major lineages of Heterostylum. This biogeographic scenario, as well as alternative scenarios, was also analyzed and discussed along with the results obtained from an event-based biogeographical analysis (DIVA).
Se presenta un análisis cladístico y biogeográfico del género Heterostylum Macquart (Diptera: Bombyliidae), un género de mosca-abeja del Nuevo Mundo con 14 especies. Se obtuvo una hipótesis filogenética basado sobre una matriz de datos con 27 caracteres, utilizando el análisis de cladograma y un programa de búsqueda, TNT, y el programa de edición de matriz y de visualizar el árbol, WINCLADA. Los estados de los carácteres fueron polarizados por el árbol de enraizamiento con el siguiente taxa del grupo externo: Toxophora aurea Macquart, Apiformyia australis Yeates, Triploechus novus Williston, T. bellus Filipos y T. heteronevrus Macquart. La monofilia de Heterostylum fue bien apoyado, y después de aplicar parcialidad sucesiva, se encontraron 2 clados principales: el clan Neártica que incluye H. robustum (Osten Sacken), H. helvolum Hall & Evenhuis, H. deani Painter, H. croceum Painter, y H. engelhardti Painter, y el clados Neotropical con H. haemorrhoicum (Loew), H. rufum (Olivier), H. evenhuisi Cunha y Lamas, H. maculipennis Cunha y Lamas, H. ferrugineum (Fabricius), H. hirsutum (Thunberg), y H. pallipes Bigot. Para el análisis biogeográfico derivamos un cladograma de área basada en la hipótesis filogenética obtenida al analizar el patrón de distribución y la diversificación espacial de Heterostylum. La divergencia entre los clanes del Neártico y Neotropico se asocia con una disyunción espacial por la Zona de Transición Mexicana, que apoya la evidencia de que un evento antiguo del Caribe fue responsable principalmente por la diversificación de los principales linajes de Heterostylum. Este escenario biogeográfico, así como los escenarios alternativos, también fueron analizados y discutidos junto con los resultados obtenidos de un análisis biogeográfico basado en eventos (DIVA).
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