Release-Recapture of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Comparing the Efficacy of Liquid and Solid Formulations of Male Lures in Florida, California and Hawaii
Keywords:
fruit fly, detection, trapping, methyl eugenol, cue-lureAbstract
Invasive species of Bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), particularly B. dorsalis
(Hendel) and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), pose serious threats to agricultural crops. Detection
relies largely on traps baited with the male lures methyl eugenol (ME), which is attractive
to B. dorsalis, and cue-lure (CL) or the related chemicals raspberry ketone (RK) and raspberry
ketone formate (RKF), which are all attractive to B. cucurbitae. Currently, ME and
CL are applied as liquids to cotton wicks (along with an insecticide), a procedure involving
considerable handling time and exposure to pesticides. Recent studies have shown that
traps baited with solid dispensers (plugs or wafers) of male lures, which arrive in sealed
envelopes ready for use, catch at least as many Bactrocera males as traps baited with liquid
lures. The present study compared captures of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae males in traps
baited with liquid lures versus traps baited with lure-bearing solid dispensers in Florida,
California, and Hawaii. In the first 2 locations, marked, irradiated males were released at
street intersections, and captures were scored at 4 trapping stations 50 m distant along the
intersecting streets with various lure/dispenser combinations. In Hawaii, trap catch of wild
B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae were compared among traps with liquid and solid formulations
of the lures. Although several exceptions were observed, the overall finding was that the
lure-bearing plugs and wafers captured as many or more Bactrocera males as the liquid application.
Consequently, we suggest that solid dispensers could be adopted in area-wide fruit
fly surveillance programs without lessening their detection sensitivity to incipient infestations.
The use of solid dispensers that contain both ME and RK, in particular, could greatly reduce the number of traps required and result in considerable cost savings.
Las especies invasoras de moscas de la fruta del género Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae),
en particular B. dorsalis (Hendel) y B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), constituyen una grave amenaza
para los cultivos agrícolas. Su detección se basa en gran medida en trampas cebadas
con el eugenol metíl (EM), un señuelo para los machos, que es atractivo para B. dorsalis, y
un señuelo de señal (SS) o los químicos afines, cetona de frambuesa (KF) y formiato de la
cetona de frambuesa (FCF), que son atractivos para B. cucurbitae. Actualmente, se aplican
EM y SS en forma de líquido a mechas de algodón (con un insecticida), un procedimiento que
requiere mucho tiempo de manipulación y la exposición a los pesticidas. Estudios recientes
han demostrado que las trampas cebadas con dispensadores sólidos (tapones u obleas) de
señuelos para los machos, que vienen en sobres sellados ya listos para el consumo, capturan
por lo menos tantos machos de Bactrocera como las trampas cebadas con atrayentes
líquidos. El presente estudio comparó las capturas de machos de B. dorsalis y B. cucurbitae
en trampas cebados con atrayentes líquidos en comparación con las trampas de dispensadores
sólidos cebadas con un señuelo en Florida, California y Hawai. En los dos primeros
sitios, los machos irradiados fueron liberados en las intersecciones de las calles, y el número
de machos capturadas fue anotado en 4 estaciones de captura con una distancia de 50 m
entre ellas por las calles cruzadas con varias combinaciones de atrayentes/dispensadores.
En Hawai, se compararon las capturas de moscas salvajes de B. dorsalis y B. cucurbitae en las trampas con las capturas de las trampas con formulaciones líquidas y sólidas de
los señuelos. Aunque se observaron algunas excepciones, la conclusión general fue que las
trampas cebadas con tapones y obleas cebadas con señuelos capturaron tantos o más machos
de Bactrocera como la aplicación de líquido. Por eso, se sugiere que los dispensadores
sólidos podrían ser adoptados en los programas de vigilancia para las moscas de la fruta
en toda el área sin disminuir su sensibilidad de detección a las infestaciones incipientes.
Palabras clave: mosca de la fruta, detección, captura, eugenol metíl, señuelo- señal
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